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Charisma Charisma and Intelligence

Charisma is defined by Merriam-Webster1as: 1. a personal magic of leadership arousing special popular loyalty or enthusiasm for a public figure (as a political leader) His success was largely due to his charisma,2. a special magnetic charm or appeal the charisma of a popular actor. Charisma has been associated with personality and its effect on others.

Contents 1 Concept of Charisma 2 Fundamental Principles 3 Relation between emotion and feeling 4 Charisma related to intelligence 5 Charismatic figures 6 Conclusion

Concept of Charisma Initial interpretations of charisma were related to 'charismatic personality traits i.e. those of leaders of high acclaim and concerning their backgrounds and how they came out of their early problematic situations in childhood, and they were aspired to achieve success and gained popularity and following of many people.2 Charisma is considered as an exceptional, uncommon, and god-gifted (divine) attribute of an individual's personality which possesses extraordinary powers (not within reach of everyone). Followers treat such an individual as a leader.3 Likewise, Adolf Hitler, in his time, commanded respect and submissive obedience of masses who followed him blindly and were ready to kill others or be killed by others at his command, without questioning 'why'.4 In modern times, charisma is understood as an explicable quality that is difficult to understand. Media calls is as 'X-factor'. Charisma is linked to earliest myth as a gift from heavens.5 Types of Pure Personal charisma6 are shown in the table below: Types	Examples	Examples	Examples Situation	Military	Magic 	Religious Personality	Warlord	Sorcerer	Prophet Quality	Great Courage	Ecstasy	Ascetic Attitude of followers	Hero Worship	Awe, Fear	Reverence Achievement	Conquest	Oracle	Revelation Group formation	Daring Soldiers	Sacrificial Community	Community of Disciples Organization	Armed Forces	Secret Societies	Sects

Fundamental Principles “The three types of legitimate rule”7 explains the sociological explanation - theory of authority and states that the legitimacy to authority is based on belief system. In 1970, this theory was interpreted as: "... legitimate order and authority stems from “different aspects of a single phenomenon – the forms that underlie all instances of ordered human interaction”.8 Later in 1970, the theory proposed by Weber, was summarized in nine propositions by Schweitzer9 as: (i) Supernatural, (ii) Natural (iii) New Style (iv) Mission (v) Political types (vi) Instability (vii) Revolution (viii) Violence (ix) Routinization.	History bears witness to wars, massacres and blood sheds prompted by 'charismatic leaders' who played on mass psychology by their fanatic, extremist and political aspirations using religious and racist beliefs as tools. Terrorism, in modern times, is an offspring of such perversion put into practice, and making the lives of millions a living hell. On the other side, charismatic leaders can also bring about new hope, joy and happiness to suffering humanity. Ideology of charismatic leader has a decisive impact on what happens under the leadership. Charismatic leaders, political and religious, exist on either side - good and bad. Relation between emotion and feeling Humans attach subjective meaning to an event or a situation, from the perspective of their concern for self. Feelings act as receptors and their interpretation(s) are self-oriented. "since feeling is first who pays any attention to the syntax of things will never wholly kiss you."10 Feelings defy logical reasoning and evoke emotions regardless of their propriety. Subjective meanings attached to feelings are adapted by transactional emotions.11 However, emotions can also be affected by cognitive process depending on the interpretation of feelings. For example, cognitive process is less evident in interpretation of feeling of fright than what it is in anxiety.12 The meaning (interpretation of feelings) attached to given situation evokes emotions and the nature of emotions varies with the different meanings or interpretations attached to affectations. Thus, the meaning process for an event or situation decides specific emotions.13 Emotions are subjective responses to given situations or events (feelings interpreted as causes of concern, fear, anxiety etc.). Affectations are interpreted as 'real' (though not so, but phantoms of imagination), and consequently, emotions respond to events or situations without any cognition. Emotions can affect decisions in negative or positive manner depending on the meaning structure. In a way, emotions have their roots in self perception and perspective in which the feelings are assessed and evaluated. Human instinct of self-preservation plays an important role in this aspects. Generally, humans are apt to exhibit instantaneous reactions by anger, violence, speech, facial expressions etc. Psychological state of individuals in responding in such moments is difficult to understand and predict. Neurological process, when affected by stressors reaches a highly agitated state and becomes more or less uncontrollable. ” If emotions serve an adaptive role by signaling when a situation demands additional attention, they hypothesized, then negative mood should signal threat and thus increase vigilant, systematic processing, and positive mood should signal a safe environment and lead to more heuristic processing."14

Charisma related to intelligence Charisma is attributed with emotional intelligence, which is the ability to understand and guide one's own emotions, and to use the same to guide thinking and action.15 Accurate perception, appraisal and expression of emotions, directional thinking and using emotions to promote intellectual growth are associated with charismatic leadership. Charisma facilitates transformational leadership. The four dimensions16 of transformational leadership are described as: 1. Influence on individuals: Gaining the trust and respect of followers by showing them what is right (acting as a role model) and focusing on effective communication to express their vision and expectations. Setting personal high standards, leaders achieve loyalty from followers. 2. Stimulating intellectual approach, achieve active involvement and participation of followers. 3. Individual consideration by compassion, appreciation and responsiveness helps leaders earn respect and gratification of followers. 4. Inspirational motivation helps leaders to achieve their goals. "Inspirational motivation and charisma are companions."17 Charisma and emotional intelligence are integral components of effective leadership. Nevertheless, there is a difference between 'followers' and 'fans'. In their social behavior, fans and followers are more or less similar in exhibiting their enthusiasm.18 While fans are remotely connected to their 'idol' through mass media, "followers have ―direct, interpersonal‖ and even - face-to-face‖ relationship with their charismatic leader."19 Charismatic leaders have the understanding of mass psychology. they have the knowledge and understanding of needs of community, a social or political issue or a sensitive religious or racial concern. Charisma helps leaders to project themselves as the savior or emancipator for their real or perceived problems. Charismatic Figures Based on leader's method of inﬂuence, three leaders, Frederick Douglas, W.E.B. Dubois and Booker T. Washington have been appraised with regard to three categories of leadership.20 1. Charismatic leaders 2. Ideological leaders and, 3. Pragmatic leaders. There have been numerous examples from past, of charismatic leaders in military, political, social and religious fields. Some are remembered for their atrocities, follies and wrong doings, e.g. Adolf Hitler and Napoleon Bonaparte of the past and Saddam Hussein of recent times. Charismatic leaders who are still remembered for their good accomplishments are Abraham Lincoln, Lincoln, Mohandas Gandhi, Nelson Mandela and others.

Conclusion Different views prevail about charisma definition and charismatic properties. Some believe that charisma is a divine gift, and leaders are born with it. Others state that charisma is an attribute that emerges as an outcome of experiences, ideology and commitment to a cause. Nevertheless, there have been so called "charismatic leaders", whose popularity has been short-lived and has gown down into the drains of historical anonymity. Opportunistic leadership is not synonymous with charismatic leadership. A true charismatic leader is an authentic leader and is remembered till eternity. Leaders, who use their positional influence, to spread fanaticism on racial, cultural, political or religious grounds are not leaders in true sense; but can be branded as agents of devilism, misusing emotions and blind beliefs of masses; instead of enlightening and educating their followers, who have entrusted them to lead them into a better world. References ___________________________________________________________________________

1. Charisma | Definition of Charisma by Merriam-Webster. https://www.merriamwester.com/dictionary/charisma

2 For example, W. C. Langer, The Mind of Adolf Hitler: The Secret Wartime Report (New       York: Basic Books, 1972) 3 Weber, Max. The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, translated by A. M.       Henderson and Talcott Parsons. Free Press, 1924/1947, pp. 328, 358ff.

4. Lindholm, C. 2002. Charisma. C. 2002. http:\diffpsychology.narod.ru/olderfiles/1/charisma.pdf

5 Potts, John. A History of Charisma. Palgrave Macmillan, 2010, p.3

6. Schweitzer, A. (1974). Theory and Political Charisma. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 16 (2), 150-181. 7. Weber, M. (1958). The three types of legitimate rule. Berkeley Publications in Society and Institutions, 4 (1): 1-11. Translated by Hans Gerth. 8. Spencer, M. E. (1970). Weber on legitimate norms and authority. The British Journal of Sociology, 21 (2): 123-134. 9. Schweitzer, A. (1974). Theory and Political Charisma. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 16 (2), 50-181. 10. Cummings, E. E. Complete poems (Vol. 1). Bristol, England: McGibbon & Kee, 1973.

11. Zajonc, R. B. Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist, 1980, 35, 151-175.

12. Lazarus, R. S. (1982). Thoughts on the Relations Between Emotion and Cognition. American Psychologist, September 1982. Vol. 37, No. 9, 1019-1024. Copyright 1982 by       the American Psychological Association, Inc. 0003-066X/82/3709-1019$00.75. gruberpeplab.com/3131/Lazarus_1982

13. Frijda, N. H. (1988). The Laws of Emotion. American Psychologist Vol. 43, No. 5, 349- 358. Copyright 1988 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 0003- 066X/88/$00.75 www.astro.umn.edu/~larry/CLASS/NOTHING/Laws%20of%20Emotion.pdf

14. Lerner, J. S., Ye Li., Valdesolo, P., and Kassam, K. (2014). Emotion and Decision Making. Manuscript submitted for publication in the Annual Review of Psychology. https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/.../annual_review_manuscript_june_16_final.final_.pdf.

15. Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, cognition, and personality, 9(3), 185-211.

16. Bass, B., & Avolio, B. (1993). Transformational leadership and organizational culture. Public Administration Quarterly, 17(1), 112-121.

17. Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. (1988). Charismatic leadership: The elusive factor in     organizational effectiveness. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 18. Gary Dickson. Religious Enthusiasm in the Medieval West and the Second Conversion of        Europe.‖ In Religious Enthusiasm in the Medieval West: Revivals, Crusades, Saints. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000, I, 26–27. 19. Simon Morgan. ―Celebrity: Academic =Pseudo-event‘ or Useful Concept for Historians?‖ Cultural and Social History 8 (2011): 95–114.

20. K. Bedell-Avers et al. (2009). Charismatic, ideological, and pragmatic leaders: An        examination of leader–leader interactions. The Leadership Quarterly 20 (2009) 299–315. Published by Elsevier Inc. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.03.014 https://www.researchgate.net/.../222138633_Charismatic_ideological_and_pragmatic_le.