User:Mojjones6/Attribution (psychology)

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In Education

As stated before, the characteristics of attribution theory directly influence the motivation of student learning, more specifically, students learning English as a foreign language. Studies conducted in Algeria and Eastern Japan share different results when analyzing speaking tasks and oral expressions of EFL. Questionnaires were used to analyze student attribution reflected in outcomes of speaking tasks. In the study from Algeria, the majority of students believed success was achieved through their effort/ability, but failure was a result of external factors. Moreover, Japanese EFL stunts attributed oral task struggles to historically negative attitudes toward Japanese speakers of English, low pay of translators, and emphasis on grammar translation in schools, which are all external factors. However, both studies found that teachers affect causal attributions of students, and learning motivation can be positively or negatively influenced by teacher feedback.

In the deaf community

Many people with hearing loss reject hearing aids as a result of internal and external motivations. The framework of attribution theory provides insight into experiences and perspectives of individual reasoning of hearing aid non-use and contributes to better effectiveness in the field of hearing healthcare. A study conducted by Caitlyn Ritter of the mega journal 'Plos One' answers the question: What reasons do adults with hearing loss, who are prescribed hearing aids, provide for not using them? Results of the data were collected from 20 participants highlighting 9 themes that influenced hearing aid non-use. Among the internal motivations of non-use include non-necessity, stigmatization, lack of integration, and lack of knowledge about hearing aids. Moreover, external motivations for non-use include uncomfortableness, cost burden, professional distrust, and priority-setting. The external factor of hearing aid discomfort and the austerity of putting them in, lead older adults to refrain from usage. One might think support and counseling is just as significant as expensive modern technology when referring to the increase in hearing aid usage.

Consequently, lack of integration into daily living was popular among internal factors that discouraged people from wearing hearing aids. A study conducted on older adults with hearing loss identified perceived stigma as important in influencing decision-making processes and selection of the type of hearing aids and where they should be worn; three interrelated experiences were related to this stigma: self-perception, ageism, and vanity. Ritter's study features Doug, an interviewee, as he explains his use of hearing aids except when he goes on vacation because he tends to forget them. His example is is a small, but clear barrier existing between successful integration. Another participant shared they wanted to disguise their physical deficiency if they could and would only wear hearing aids if their hearing loss was severe, but not if they were ugly. In both studies, participants attribute the non-use of hearing aids to going against social norms, influencing a lot of adults with hearing loss to ditch them altogether.

 In Sports 

In sports psychology, attribution theory is like a tool that helps us understand why people think and act the way they do, especially when it comes to sports. Back in the 1970s and 1980s, lots of researchers were really interested in attribution theory, but since then, not as many studies have been done on it. Still, it's important because it helps us figure out why athletes think certain things about their performance. Heider started it all by showing how people try to explain why things happen, like why someone does well or badly in a game. This idea is super important in sports because athletes are always trying to understand why they did well or not so well.

Other researchers like Jones and Davis and Kelley built on Heider's work. They came up with ideas about how we figure out what other people are like based on what they do. This is important in sports too because coaches and teammates are always trying to understand each other. And then there are other ideas, like Rotter's work on how what we expect to happen affects how we behave. This is important for understanding why some athletes feel like they can improve while others don't.

One big idea in attribution theory is about how we think about problems. Weiner talks about how we see problems as either something we can change or something we can't. This affects how we feel and how we think we can do in the future. For example, if we see a problem as something we can't change, we might feel like we can't do anything to get better. But if we see it as something we can work on, we might feel more hopeful about improving.

Attribution theory, which explores how individuals interpret events like winning and losing, is vital for understanding sports performance. Weiner's model of attributions offers a framework, highlighting dimensions such as locus, stability, and controllability. Combat sport athletes tend to attribute successes more internally and stably, while their attributions for failures are less internalized. The research also uncovers attribution biases like the self-serving bias, where successes are attributed internally and failures externally. Through qualitative and quantitative analyses, the study emphasizes situational factors and individual differences in attributions. By examining Croatian combat sport competitors, the research enriches the attribution literature and provides insights for optimizing athletic performance.

The study by Vanek and Hosek in 1970 compared abstract figures and realistic pictures in assessing athletes' judgments. Their findings favored realistic pictures for accuracy. Similarly, the current study employs visual stimuli to evaluate perceptual skills, with a focus on dynamic elements in videos. Factors like viewing time and distance are considered, with accuracy being the primary measure of success. This approach aims to shed light on how the visual system processes information in different contexts. Time is crucial in measuring perceptual success, highlighting the importance of accuracy over speed.