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=Sailing ship=

Terms
A definition: Ship: generic term for sea-going vessel; as opposed to “boat” (p165) In strict maritime usage a particular type of vessel (ie. Ship-rigged) 'but this narrow definition did not, even in the Age of Sail, invalidate the generic use of the term to encapsulate all types of sea-going vessels' and early boats developed into 'planked craft on an essential framework of stem and stern pieces fixed to a keel with ribs to support the two sides; this is in its essentials the form in which ships are still constructed today' (p166) From Ian Dear, Peter Kemp : Pocket Oxford Guide to Sailing Terms (? date) SBN 0 19 211663 0 / pbk 0 19 282012 5

From Sailing ship A modern sailing ship or sailship is any large wind-powered vessel. Traditionally a sailing ship (or simply ship) is a sailing vessel that carries three or more masts with square sails on each. Large sailing vessels that are not ship-rigged may be more precisely referred to by their sail rig, such as schooner, barque (also spelled "bark"), brig, barkentine, brigantine or sloop.

from Ship A ship is a large watercraft that travels the world's oceans and other sufficiently deep waterways, carrying passengers or goods, or in support of specialized missions, such as defense, research and fishing. Historically, a "ship" was a sailing vessel with at least three square-rigged masts and a full bowsprit. Ships are generally distinguished from boats, based on size, shape and load capacity.

From Ship There is no universal definition of what distinguishes a ship from a boat. Ships can usually be distinguished from boats based on size and the ship's ability to operate independently for extended periods. A legal definition of ship from Indian case law is a vessel that carries goods by sea. A common notion is that a ship can carry a boat, but not vice versa. A US Navy rule of thumb is that ships heel towards the outside of a sharp turn, whereas boats heel towards the inside because of the relative location of the center of mass versus the center of buoyancy. American and British 19th Century maritime law distinguished "vessels" from other craft; ships and boats fall in one legal category, whereas open boats and rafts are not considered vessels.

In the Age of Sail, a full-rigged ship was a sailing vessel with at least three square-rigged masts and a full bowsprit; other types of vessel were also defined by their sailplan, e.g. barque, brigantine, etc.

Definition
Sailing ship is the generic term for a sea-going vessel, as opposed to a boat. in strict maritime usage a sailing ship is a particular type of vessel, one that is ship-rigged, but this narrow definition, even in the Age of Sail, did not invalidate the generic use of the term and encapsulated all sea-going vessels.

Source

 * Ian Deer, Peter Kemp : Pocket Oxford Guide to Sailing Terms (1987) OUP ISBN 0192820125

Evolution of the sailing ship
More than 4000 years ago, humans had already developed ships and boats for the purposes for which they are used today; for fishing, for transporting goods and people along or across/rivers and seas, for warfare, and for leisure.

The earliest sea-going vessels were those of the Ancient Egyptians, in the Mediterranean. These were wooden ships, similar in design to their river craft, clinker-built and powered by oar and sail. This pattern was repeated by the Phoenicians, the Minoans and the Greeks. The use of oars and sails as power led to a divergence between “long ships” (primarily oared vessels, faster, more manoeuvrable but requiring a large crew) and “round ships” (primarily sailed, slower and less handy but requiring a relatively small complement) Long ships were more suited to warfare, though they were also employed carrying messages, VIPs and valuable cargo; an example was the Greek penteconter. Round ships were cargo vessels, though they could be filled with soldiers or serve as transports in wartime. Little firm evidence remains of this type, and our best evidence from the period is that of the Romans.

The Roman merchant ship was carvel-built, with a length three to four times its width, and a high stem and stern. It had a single mast, with a single square sail, but mounted a bowsprit with a small sail (the artemon) to help handling. Steering was by two stereing oars at the stern. Such ships were at the mercy of the elements and contemporary writers, such as St Luke, who left a graphic account of storm and disaster at sea, while St Paul tells us he was shipwrecked three times (“once spending a day and a night in the deep”) on his early journeys.

The long ship evolved into the galley and continued in use, particularly in the Med throughout the Middle Ages; the last major conflict between galleys was at Lepanto in 1571. The round ship evolved into the sailing ship of later centuries, and served as both merchant and warship.

In Northern Europe the outstanding mariners of the early Middle Ages were the Vikings, who had their equivalent long ships (the drekar) for exploration and for war, and round ships (knarr) for transport and for trade. The knarr was an open vessel, with a single mast and sail and had its equals throughout Northern Europe. It was superseded in the 11th century by the cog, a decked vessel with a capacious hold; it too was clinker-built, with a single mast and sail. The cog required a wharf for loading and unloading, so its development paralleled that of port facilities across the region.

In the Mediterranean the development during the 14th century of the lateen sail, to aid handling, led to the caravel, with two or three lateen-rigged masts. In the Atlantic this innovation led to the carrack, an enlarged version of the cog with three or four masts, the fore- and main masts being square-rigged and the mizzens having the lateen sail. From the carrack the need for oceanic vessels led to the galleon, an enlarged carrack with a similar rig but carvel-built. The galleon in turn led to the fully-rigged ship, with square-rigged fore and main masts, and topsailed mizzen with a spanker replacing the lateen for manoeuvrability.

During this period warships were simply merchant ships filled with soldiers, and battles at sea were rare, due to the difficulties in finding, and then engaging, an enemy. Sea battles that did take place were often near the shore, and devolved into hand-to-hand fighting as with land battles. An example was at Sluys, in 1347. The invention of cannon led to some changes in tactics, but it was not until the 16th century that the battles around the Spanish Armada saw the advantage shift towards smaller, more manoeuvrable sailers armed with long range cannon over the large galleons filled with soldiers seeking to board and capture. During this period the majority of fighting ships were armed merchantmen called up for service, but in later, in the 17th century states began to create dedicated fighting forces, doing away with the need to rely on armed merchant ships. These warships, intended to fight in line of battle, (and known as ships of the line) were generally ship-rigged vessels of varying sizes, mounting between 50 to 100 guns, while smaller general purpose ships of 20 to 50 guns, called frigates, carried out other duties. Navies also had auxiliary vessels built with a variety of rigs; sloops, brigs, ketches. The armed merchant ship remained a feature of the period, carrying protection against piracy, or acting as privateers, or extending a nations influence through organizations like the various India companies. The East Indiamen of the Dutch VOC or the British East India Company were indistinguishable from warships, and could carry up to 50 guns. During this period little change took place in sailing ship design, save for the development of stay-sails and jibs, giving a further improvement in handling.

The 19th century saw the last development of the sailing ship, as the advent of steam power threatened the end of sail as a means of propulsion. To build on sails main advantage over steam, that of endurance over long distances, the clipper and the windjammer, both iron-hulled with multiple masts and sails, continued to operate into the late 19th century, while smaller sailing ships, engaged in the coastal trade, continued into the 20th. The First World War saw the loss of many sailing ships, and the last sail warships, in the form of the German commerce raider Seeadler, and British submarine decoy vessels, such as Inverlyon and Mary B Mitchell.

Links

 * round ship at Oxford Reference
 * PP&P ?self-published
 * types of ship
 * cog & galley
 * pre-15th C round ship, from Black Sea

=Tables=

Current list

 * Barque = vessel, ship
 * Barquentine = vessel (?=ship)
 * bilander =ship (?)
 * brig = vessel,
 * brigantine = vessel,
 * caravel = ship
 * carrack = ship
 * clipper = ship
 * cog = ship
 * corvette = warship
 * cutter = watercraft, sailboat
 * dhow = vessel
 * frigate = warship
 * fishing smack = boat
 * fluyt = vessel, ship
 * fully rigged ship = vessel, ship


 * Galleon = ship
 * hermaphrodite brig = vessel, ship
 * junk =ship
 * koch = ship (? = boat
 * longship = ship
 * lugger = boat
 * luzzu = boat
 * pink = ship
 * schooner = vessel
 * Ship of the Line = warship
 * snow = vessel, ship
 * ljotter = ship (? = boat
 * wa kaulau = voyaging canoe
 * windjammer = ship
 * xebec = ship
 * yacht = boat or ship

Therefore,
 * lose cutter, fishing smack, lugger, luzzu, wa kaulua, for definite;
 * koch, ljotter also (mis-designated in articles)
 * dhow, yacht maybe

Edited list

 * Barque = vessel, ship
 * Barquentine = vessel (?=ship)
 * bilander =ship (?)
 * brig = vessel,
 * brigantine = vessel,
 * caravel = ship
 * carrack = ship
 * clipper = ship
 * cog = ship
 * corvette = warship
 * x
 * x
 * frigate = warship
 * x
 * fluyt = vessel, ship
 * fully rigged ship = vessel, ship


 * Galleon = ship
 * hermaphrodite brig = vessel, ship
 * junk =ship
 * x
 * longship = ship
 * x
 * x
 * pink = ship
 * schooner = vessel
 * Ship of the Line = warship
 * snow = vessel, ship
 * x
 * x
 * windjammer = ship
 * xebec = ship
 * x

List from text
(civilian)
 * round ship
 * knarr
 * cog
 * caravel
 * carrack
 * galleon
 * brig,
 * brigantine
 * barque,
 * barquentine
 * schooner
 * fully-rigged ship
 * East Indiaman
 * clipper
 * windjammer

(naval)
 * longship
 * drekar
 * Ship of the line
 * frigate
 * brig
 * sloop of war
 * Bomb ketch
 * Bomb ketch

Problems
(not in new list)
 * bilander
 * fluyt
 * hermaphrodite brig
 * junk
 * pink
 * snow

(not in old list)
 * Round ship
 * knarr
 * East indiaman
 * drekar
 * sloop
 * ketch