User:MorningStarKiri/sandbox

=Internet’ rush hour= Internet’ rush hour’ or peak hour is a part of the day during which congestion by internet users is at its highest. It is a period during which most technology users are online. Network operators tend to adopt another definition of congestion. They define "congestion" in terms of the load on a network over a particular period of time

Definition
’Rush hour’ a period of the day when the demand especially of internet is at its peak or highest point.

Example: The Internet is like a major highway system, the Internet Information Highway has many roadways and interchanges, each having their own capacity and speed limit. Similar to highways, you get traffic delays just the same way that you have to wait for a traffic light. Data that is being sent to your computer has to wait while as the other data passes through routers, switches, and hubs (The Internet equivalent of an intersection).

Mechanism
The Internet provides a shared resource platform that supports interoperability and interconnection for diverse types of applications across heterogeneous networking infrastructures (high and low speed, wired and wireless) on a global basis. When resources are shared, there is the potential that demand for those resources may exceed available supply, requiring some sort of allocation mechanism to address the imbalance and determine which resources get served first.

Connections
Internet traffic during peak hours or ‘rush hour’ tend to lead to slower internet connections. When there are fewer people who are online, such as after 11 p.m. and before 7 a.m. there is typically notice faster internet connectivity

Connection types:
Connection types make the difference during the ‘rush hour’. The type of connection you use is important in determining your connection speed. For example dial up, DSL and cable. Cable is fastest but both DSL and cable are faster than dial up.

Internet service providers also offer Fiber Optic Service (FiOS), which connects to the Internet using light over an optical network. FiOS is that it can provide higher speeds than traditional copper wire connections such as DSL or cable. Some Internet service providers offer multiple options, depending on the area you are in. More populated areas are more likely to have FiOS available.

History
The internet was designed to be a connectionless, packet switched network of computers that communicate with each other by the protocol termed as TCP/IP Transmission control protocol/internet protocol. Currently there are commercial operated backbones that exist and the LAN usually connect to the backbone through hubs called NAPs Network access points.

Control mechanism
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the key Internet protocols and is responsible for managing end-to-end connections across the Internet. Since that time and still today, TCP remains one of the most important congestion control mechanisms in use in the Internet.

Causes
The slowdown in speed during ‘rush hour’ comes from multiple households or users trying to get data over the same copper lines. As more users try to get online and send and receive data, the amount that can be sent to each individual connection hits a peak."

Other causes
Technological

Software
 * 1) Protocols - Which provide end to end connectivity.
 * 2) Application development - The greater the number of new applications leads to more sites and more data attracting users and giving current users an incentive to stay longer

Hardware


 * 1) Bandwidth - Insufficient bandwidth may also cause congestion during peak hours.
 * 2) Routers - Each router creates additional path in the network hence more routers cause congestion in network by overloading network

Economic


 * 1) Demand - When internet demand exceeds supply hence rush hour internet slows down
 * 2) Pricing - Flat rate pricing whereby the internet users are subscribed during a certain hour for free or less charges.

‘Rush hour ‘management
The never-ending ‘rush hour, internet traffic growth requires continual investment in capacity and innovation in network Management

To cope with traffic growth, networks must be continually monitored and prepared for the next upgrade. Service providers and network vendors must constantly invent new ways to meet enhanced expectations for speed, security and accountability. Kowal,J.(2007)The Never-Ending Rush Hour Internet Traffic Growth Requires Continual Investment in Capacity and Innovation in Network Management

Network operators have introduced a variety of new technical and nontechnical strategies for managing short and medium term congestion which include;

contribute to congestion.
 * 1) Volume caps that limit the total volume of traffic over different durations of times and in the upstream and or downstream directions,
 * 2) Prioritizing subscriber or application traffic based upon factors such as the amount of traffic sent during congested periods or assumptions regarding what subscribers would prefer to be prioritized (such as voice traffic over bulk transfers
 * 3) Rate limiting traffic classes, such as peer-to-peer traffic, that are believed to significantly