User:Mousefire55/Yaharan

Q2Infobox language Q1
 * name         = Yaharan
 * altname      =
 * nativename   = Q{síyähärä}|SíyähäräQ1
 * pronunciation = ˈsɪ̈jɑhɑrɑ
 * states (state) = Confederation of Lower Boroso, Upper Yahara, Yaxarhayut
 * region       = Lower Boroso
 * latd =  | latm  = | latNS  =
 * longd = | longm = | longEW =
 * ethnicity    = Yaharans
 * speakers     =   as a second language
 * date         = 2010
 * familycolor  = Yaharan
 * fam1         = Yaharan
 * fam2     = Greater Yaharan
 * ancestor4 = Ducal Yaharan
 * ancestor3 = Imperial Yaharan
 * ancestor2 = Old Yaharan
 * ancestor = Proto-Yaharan
 * posteriori   = a posteriori
 * dia1         = Celebrezstuvan
 * dia2         = Ciovergian
 * dia3         = Haran
 * dia4         = Yervergian
 * dia5         = Yitsman
 * dialects     =
 * script       = Feyandya
 * nation       = Q2flag|Confederation of Lower BorosoQ1 Q2flag|Upper YaharaQ1 Q2flag|YaxarhayutQ1
 * agency       =
 * iso3         = SIH
 * image        =
 * imagesize    =
 * imagealt     =
 * imagecaption =
 * imageheader  =
 * map          =
 * mapsize      =
 * mapalt       =
 * mapcaption   =

Yaharan (IPA: /jəˈhɑːɹɪ̈n/; Yaharan: Q{síyähärä}|SíyähäräQ1 /ˈsɪ̈jɑɦɑɹɑ/) is the only living member of the Greater Yaharan languages. Spoken by over eleven million people, it serves as the official language of the Kingdom of Upper Yahara, one of several of the Confederation of Lower Boroso, and one of the two official languages of the Kingdom of Yaxarhayut. Historically, it was the predominant language of the Empire of Yahara, and as a result has heavily influenced the Monyic languages, Trunaomatian, and Heoroman, amongst others.

History
The history of the Yaharan language begins with its separation as Old Yaharan from Greater Yaharan, which likely happened sometime in the third or fourth century in the region that today comprises Upper Yahara. The language developed and took in several Canagamanese loanwords during this time, as well as passing several words to the Canagamanese. During the opening of the eleventh century, the language came under intense contact with Common Yennodor, resulting in the acceleration of certain shifts within the language as well as a simplification of grammar. With the Empire of Yahara, the language evolved into Imperial Yaharan, which became the language of the Empire itself, spreading through that influence from the Yahara all throughout Lower Boroso, displacing several other Yaharan languages in the process such as Haran. Imperial Yaharan began to transition into Ducal Yaharan, the most varied period of the Yaharan language, around the fifteenth century, and by the seventeenth had broken into several distinct standards. The foremost of these, the Western Yitsman and the Celebrezstuvan standards, by the process of unification in the late seventeenth century and the establishment of both Upper Yahara and Yaxarhayut, became the new standards of the Yaharan language. By the turn of the twentieth century, these standards have firmly eclipsed all but the strongest dialects in a process of dialect levelling.

Vowels
Diphthongs: /ɛɪ̯/, /ɑɪ̯/, /jⁱɑʊ̯/

Phonotactics
Yaharan allows for complex syllable onsets and codas, while having a much more restricted set of allowable vowel clusters. In Standard Yaharan, the maximum syllable structure is CCVVNCCC, with a minimum syllable structure of V.

Allowable onsets are defined as the following:

Orthography
The Yaharan language is written using the Feyandya, its traditional alphabet. Three forms are used for various purposes: the civil version (most commonly used in signage and printing), the written version (used in both print and handwriting), and the religious version (used almost exclusively for ceremonial purposes and in temple recordkeeping). The written version is that which is presented below.

Stress
Stress is always word initial, and acts phonetically to distinguish between word segments, as well as holding a grammatical function in distinguishing between the accusative and reflexive functions of reflexive pronouns. In sentences containing strings of more than one monosyllabic word, stress is placed on the foremost monosyllable, and the following monosyllables are said as if they were part of the same word as the original monosyllable up to three words, at which point stress is placed on the next monosyllable.
 * For example:


 * colspan=8 | Q{ud täng omng tyung dän nrät ös lön.} Q1
 * Ud || täng || omng, || tyung || dän || nrät || ös || lön.
 * ˈud‿ || tɑŋg‿ || omŋg || ˈtʲuŋg‿ || dɑn‿ || nɹɑt || ˈos‿ || lon
 * at || DEF.FORM.FEM || beginning_of_the_universe || DEF.FORM.MASC || god || of || all
 * colspan=8 | 'At the beginning of the universe, there was the god of all.'
 * }
 * at || DEF.FORM.FEM || beginning_of_the_universe || DEF.FORM.MASC || god || of || all
 * colspan=8 | 'At the beginning of the universe, there was the god of all.'
 * }
 * }

Word order
Word order in Yaharan is generally SVO, with exceptions for poetic use and a few, significant, constructions. Notably, when using the accusative form of a pronoun, the word order changes to SOV. Adjectives will always precede the noun or verb they describe.

Nouns
Nouns in Yaharan are split into three classes based on the last sound of the word. These classes determine the definite and indefinite articles, and are summarized below:

Further, nouns decline for the genitive, plural, and genitive plural, again based on final sound.

Pronouns
Pronouns are distinguished by person, partially by number, and function. Almost all are able to decline to four cases: the intransitive, transitive, reflexive, and genitive.

The reflexive case, while serving those purposes as well, also functions as an accusative. When used as a reflexive, the pronoun is prefixed to the verb, and when used as an accusative is placed before the verb, but is not prefixed to it.

The transitive/intransitive cases 'hardset' the transitivity of the verb. While verbs have an inherent transitivity, the use of a transitive pronoun on a, say, intransitive verb will set the verb's transitivity to the transitive.


 * For example, where there is no pronoun, the inherent transitivity of the verb holds:
 * Q2cs|SIH| {tsoni.} Q1

Tsoni.

act-3A.PRES

'He acts.'


 * When a pronoun of the same transitivity is employed, it reinforces that transitivity:
 * Q2cs|SIH| {hístä tsoni.} Q1

Hístä tsoni.

3A.INTR act-3A.PRES

'He acts.'


 * However, when a pronoun of the opposite transitivity is employed, it enforces that transitivity onto the verb:
 * Q2cs|SIH| {sä tsoni.} Q1

Sä tsoni.

3A.TR act-3A.PRES

'He acts [upon it].'


 * Likewise, this holds true for relative pronouns, compare:
 * Q2cs|SIH| {ëts nívílänog kätäng erø cäkäyø.} Q1

Ëts nívílänog kätäng erø cäkäyø.

1S.ACC give-3A.PAST wood REL.INTR burn-3I.PRES

'He gave me the wood which is burning.'
 * Q2cs|SIH| {ëts nívílänog kätäng røt cäkäyø.} Q1

Ëts nívílänog kätäng røt cäkäyø.

1S.ACC give-3A.PAST wood REL.TR burn-3I.PRES

'He gave me the wood which burns [other things].'

Preverbal Particles
Yaharan preverbal particles are various words which affect the meaning, tone, or content of the question and are bound to the immediate position preceding the verb, while not being prefixed to the verb. This category of word includes question words, and the most common of the preverbal particles are exampled below.

Adjectives and adverbs
Adjectives always preface the word they describe, falling after any determiners also attached to the word. Adverbs do not exist as a separate class in Yaharan, being instead adjectives placed before the verb. When used in sequence to describe a noun, the adjectives are generally glued together with the infix Qn|-n-Q1, as without the infix they will generally be interpreted as a string of cascading descriptors.
 * Adjective placement when describing a noun:
 * Q{dyälrä tädyä zërn tëmë idëtë tädyä} Q1

Dyälrä tädyä zërn tëmë idëtë tädyä.

DIST answer be-3.PRES DET.NFORM good-SUPL answer

'That is the best answer.'


 * Adjective placement when describing a verb:
 * Q{wÿn xí sängo Är oṡþär.} Q1

Wÿn xí sängo är oþär.

bird loud sing-3SA.PRES in tree

'The bird sings loudly in the tree.'


 * Use of multiple adjectives:
 * Cascading descriptors:
 * Q{durn ëløin wÿn xí sängo.} Q1

Durn ëløin wÿn xí sängo.

bright blue bird loud sing-3SA.PRES

'The bright blue bird sings loudly.'
 * Noun-describing only:
 * Q{dornëløin wÿn xí sängo.} Q1

Dornëløin wÿn xí sängo.

big-and-blue bird loud sing-3SA.PRES

'The big, blue bird sings loudly.'

Verbs
Verbs are grouped into three categories: first, second, and third conjugation verbs. They conjugate according to person, number, and three tenses, a few moods, and so forth.

Infinitive
The infinitive is the dictionary form of Yaharan verbs, and is used, as in English, to act as the verbal noun. It is not used to complete verbal phrases, however.
 * For example:
 * Q{Ëḳëř zërN zërNËL šä čívunhäyär.} Q1

Ëstkëř zërn zërnël šä čívunhäyär.

err-INF be.3I be-INF INDEF human

'To err is to be human'

Subjunctive
The subjunctive is of very limited use in Yaharan, being found mostly in the situation where, in English, is often found the phrase in order to, or such can be inserted. It will almost always be preceded by the conjunction Q{Ešß} |ešQ1.


 * Q{Älkäan väď sívuw eš köunäš vërk yëdë} Q1

Älkäan vädyä sívuw eš köunäš vërk yëdë.

drive-1S.PRES through snow thus go-SBJV to store

'I drive through the snow to go to the store.'