User:Mpatel48/Manipulation (psychology)

The article primarily mentions a lot of negative stigmas to this act. I would like to include some positive reasons people may choose to manipulate people. I would like to expand on techniques used to manipulate individuals, and to see which ones are primarily used for different age groups.

Lead
Manipulation differs from general influence and persuasion. Influence is generally perceived to be harmless as it respects the right of the influenced to accept or reject it and it is not seen as unduly coercive to the individual ' s right of acceptance or rejection of influence. Persuasion is the ability to move others to a desired action, usually within the context of a specific goal. Persuasion often attempts to influence ones beliefs, religion, motivations, or behavior. Influence and persuasion are neither positive nor negative, unlike manipulation which is strictly negative. We are led to believe that manipulation is negative and this blinds us from the positives. Positive manipulation is a form of practice where an individual can turn any aspect that may not be going well into a positive experience, by self manifesting. Ultimately, one 's goal is to not be manipulated but if the situation does arise, the individual is able to manifest for the best. Creating the best version of yourself allows you to grow, and help influence the behaviors of others as well. Individuals who behave in prosocial behavior manners can be manipulated to have positive mood reactions. Alongside showing encouragement during a time where an individual is feeling down can result in mood

Manipulation and mental illnesses
Individuals with the following mental health issues are often prone to be manipulative:


 * Antisocial personality disorder,
 * Borderline personality disorder,
 * Conduct Disorder,
 * Factitious disorder,
 * Histrionic personality disorder,
 * Narcissistic personality disorder.

Deceitfulness and exceptional manipulative abilities are the most common traits among antisocial personality disorder and narcissistic personality disorder. It is the major feature found in the dark triad personality traits, particularly Machiavellianism.

Antisocial personality disorder or sociopathy refers to individuals who will not realize the rights and wrongs of their action and the ability to neglect others (emotionally). People with this disorder may not feel that they are doing anything wrong and therefore manipulate others for their own pleasure. This mental disorder relies on features of deceitfulness and arrogance acts.

Borderline Personality Disorder is unique in the grouping as "borderline" manipulation is characterized as unintentional and dysfunctional manipulation. Marsha M. Linehan has stated that people with borderline personality disorder often exhibit behaviors which are not truly manipulative, but are erroneously interpreted as such. According to Linehan, these behaviors often appear as unthinking manifestations of intense pain, and are often not deliberate as to be considered truly manipulative. In the DSM-V, manipulation was removed as a defining characteristic of borderline personality disorder.

Conduct disorder is where behavioral and age appropriate actions are taken advantage of, primarily occurring in children and adolescents. Individuals with this are characterized as "lack of empathy, sense of guilt, and shallow emotion". These behaviors are shown in connection to manipulation by tying in narcissistic traits. Aggression and violence are two factors pursued by individuals with this disorder. In order for this disorder to be consistent and shown, the progression must be made for at least 12 months.

Factitious disorder is geared towards mentally ill individuals whom purposely forge symptoms, physically or psychologically. Fabricating illness's allows individuals to feel a thrill and receive free aid in hospital admissions and treatment. Feelings of persistence, abuse in early childhood, and excessive thoughts were common for these individuals who connected to Borderline Personality Disorder.

Histrionic personality disorder foresee individuals who seek scrutinizing behaviors, inappropriate alluring tactics, and irregular emotional patterns. Histrionic symptoms are geared to this disorder if "seeking reassurance, switching emotional, and feeling uncomfortable." Narcissists and Histrionic Personality Disorders overlap because decisions are sporadic and unreliable. These individuals can experience these symptoms from failed attempts of depression like symptoms.

Narcissistic personality disorder is characterized as feelings of superiority, a sense of grandiosity, exhibitionism, charming but also exploitive behaviors in the interpersonal domain, success, beauty, feelings of entitlement and a lack of empathy. Narcissists employ two strategies to maintain their grandiose self: assertive self enhancement (self promotion) and antagonistic self protection (self defense). All of these factors can lead an individual with narcissistic personality disorder to manipulate others.

Psychopathy in the workplace[edit]
Main article: Psychopathy in the workplace

One example of manipulation is seen in the workplace psychopath, who may rapidly shift between emotions to manipulate people or to cause high anxiety. One approach to management in general identifies a very fine, almost non-existent dividing line between management and manipulation.

Robert D. Hare[edit]
See also: Robert D. Hare

Being manipulative appears in Factor 1 of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist (PCL).

Snakes in Suits: When Psychopaths Go to Work describe a five-phase model of how a typical workplace psychopath climbs to and maintains power. In phase three (manipulation) the psychopath will create a scenario of "psychopathic fiction" where positive information about themselves and negative disinformation about others will be created, where one's role as a part of a network of pawns or patrons will be utilized and one will be groomed into accepting the psychopath's agenda.

*** i would like to remove this section entirely, it does not flow and it does not give additional information that relates to other information provided in the article.***

George K. Simon[edit]
According to psychology author George K. Simon, successful psychological manipulation primarily involves the manipulator:


 * Concealing aggressive intentions and behaviors and being affable.
 * Knowing the psychological vulnerabilities of the victim to determine which tactics are likely to be the most effective.
 * Having a sufficient level of ruthlessness to have no qualms about causing harm to the victim if necessary.

Techniques of manipulators may include: According to Simon, manipulators generally take the time to scope out the characteristics and vulnerabilities of their victims. Manipulators exploit the following vulnerabilities that may exist in victims:
 * Naïveté – victim finds it too hard to accept the idea that some people are cunning, devious and ruthless or is "in denial" if they are being victimized.
 * Over-conscientiousness – victim is too willing to give manipulator the benefit of the doubt and see their side of things in which they blame the victim.
 * Low self-confidence – victim is self-doubting, lacking in confidence and assertiveness, likely to go on the defensive too easily.
 * Over-intellectualization – victim tries too hard to understand and believes the manipulator has some understandable reason to be hurtful.
 * Emotional dependency – victim has a submissive or dependent personality. The more emotionally dependent the victim is, the more vulnerable they are to being exploited and manipulated.

*** THIS SECTION IS REPEATED ONLY A FEW WORD CHANGES, I WOULD LIKE TO REMOVE***

Peer Review Suggestions Additions:
Kayoff: I have decided not to change the wording in my lead section. I feel as if it is easy to follow along. I did like the suggestions you included, so I will try to incorporate that when I add more information to the article.

Gsch23: I will take note of the two sections you mentioned to look at. I think I might remove the psychopathy in the workplace section because it doesn't seem to flow with the rest of the article. I can try to find more assessment tools.

Zafomby: Did not leave me a peer review.

Sriveria6: I did not realize that some of the sources used in the article are out of date. I will try to double check those and add or remove them. The table was a good way to split that section up, but I dont think it would work for other sections. Or I could possibly take all the paragraph bullet points and make it a table instead?

Tolber2K: I agree about removing the psychopathy in the workplace section, because there is already another article addressing this.

Psychcap: Thank you for providing positive reinforcement. I will try to organize the article better to make it more appealing.