User:Mr. Ibrahem/Biceps tendon rupture

Biceps tendon rupture is a partial or complete break of a tendon of the biceps muscle. It can involve the tendons at the shoulder (proximal) or elbow (distal). Symptoms of proximal injury may include some weakness and pain when turning your arm palm up. Symptoms of distal injury generally include greater weakness, especially turning the palm up. A "pop" may be felt when it occurs and bruising may develop.

Proximal ruptures usually due to overuse and are related to rotator cuff disease. Distal ruptures usually occur as a result of a sudden excessive force such as lifting a heavy object. Risk factors include smoking, obesity, corticosteroid use, fluoroquinolones, and kidney disease. Diagnosis is often based on the symptoms and confirmed by ultrasound.

Proximal ruptures are usually treated without surgery. In athletes or when the appearance is of greater importance surgery may be carried out. Distal ruptures are usually repaired by surgery; except in cases were full strength is not important. Without surgery a 50% reduction in strength may occur.

Rupture of the distal tendon occurs in about 1 in 25,000 people a year. Middle aged males are most commonly affected. Proximal injuries are more commonly and primarily occurs in older people. Proximal tendon rupture was first described in 1781 while distal tendon ruptures were first described in 1843.