User:Mr. Ibrahem/Chronic myelogenous leukemia

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), also known as chronic myeloid leukemia, is a type of cancer which involves white blood cells, primarily granulocytes. Both the blood and bone marrow are affected. At the time of diagnosis about half of people have no symptoms. Early symptoms may include tiredness and left upper abdominal pain due to an enlarged spleen. Later symptoms may include headache, bone pain, fever, and enlarged lymph nodes. Complications may include bleeding and priapism.

Few risk factors have been defined, though it is more common among those who survived the atomic bomb. More than 90% of those affected have a Philadelphia chromosome which forms due to a chromosomal translocation. It is a type of myeloproliferative neoplasm. The diagnosis is suspected based on a complete blood cell count (CBC) and confirmed by cytogenetic testing. The disease can be divided into three phases, chronic, accelerated, and blastic.

Treatment is with a group of medications known as tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKIs). These includes imatinib, bosutinib, dasatinib, and nilotinib. Other options may include bone marrow transplant and omacetaxine. With the availability of TKIs the five-year survival rate has increased from 33% to more than 70%.

About 0.9 per 100,000 people are newly affected per year. The typical age of diagnosis is around 56 years old. In Western countries, it accounts for 20% of adult leukemias. It is rare in children. The underlying cause was determined in 1960 By Nowell and Hungerford.

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