User:Mr. Ibrahem/Diabetic kidney disease

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), also known as diabetic nephropathy, is the long-term decreased in kidney function due to diabetes. Early on there are generally no symptoms, while later tiredness, foamy urine, and swelling may occur. Onset may occurs years after the start of diabetes and gradually worsen. Complications may include high blood pressure, kidney failure, and heart disease.

It can be cause by both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Risk factors include high blood sugar, high blood pressure, family history, smoking, and a high salt diet. The underlying mechanism involves high blood sugar damaging the small blood vessels that supply the kidneys and dysfunction of podocytes. Diagnosis is based on declining glomerular filtration rate and albumin in the urine after ruling out other causes.

Treatment may slow the progression of the disease. This may lifestyle and dietary changes, blood pressure control, and blood sugar control. Medications frequently used include ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). Kidney failure can be treated with dialysis or kidney transplant.

Diabetic kidney disease affects about 33% of adults with diabetes. In the United States it occurs more frequently in African and Native Americans. It is the most common cause of kidney failure in developed countries and is associated with an increased risk of death. The condition began to be gradually defined in the 1700s and 1800s including in work by Erasmus Darwin and Richard Bright.