User:Mr. Ibrahem/Diabetic neuropathy

Diabetic neuropathy is nerve damage due to diabetes. Symptoms depend on the location of damage: with peripheral neuropathy resulting in numbness, tingling, or weakness of the limbs; autonomic neuropathy resulting in urinary incontinence, gastroparesis, or sexual dysfunction; focal neuropathy such as carpel tunnel or cranial neuropathy; or poximal neuropathy with hip or thigh pain. Complications can include a diabetic foot and neuropathic arthropathy.

It can occur as a result of any type of diabetes. Risk factors include poorly controlled diabetes, being overweight, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, kidney disease, alcohol, and smoking. The underlying mechanism involves direct damage to nerves and the small blood vessels that supply them from high blood sugar. Diagnosis may be by examination or electrophysiology testing.

Treatment may include gabapentin, pregabalin, duloxetine, venlafaxine, or topical salicylates. Opioids and tricyclic antidepressants are generally not recommended. Other measures include properly managing diabetes, blood pressure, and cholesterol.

Up to half of people with diabetes have peripheral neuropathy, more than 30% have autonomic neuropathy, and less than 10% have carpal tunnel. The peripheral form of the disease was first clearly described in 1864 by Marchall de Calvi while the autonomic form was first described in the 1900s.