User:Mr. Ibrahem/Eczema vaccinatum

Eczema vaccinatum is a type of vaccinia infection, that may occur in people with atopic dermatitis (eczema) or other skin diseases. Symptoms include a sudden onset of crops of small blisters, typically at sites of skin problems. Typically there is also a fever and swollen glands. Onset is 5 to 12 days post exposure.

While it may occur due to direct smallpox vaccination with vaccinia; more often it occurs following spread from a household member who has had a recent vaccine. While atopic dermatitis is a risk factor for the disease; it is estimated that if vaccinated, only one in a hundred would be affected. The underlying mechanism involves extensive spread of the virus. Diagnosis is usually based on exposure to vaccinia.

Treatment is with vaccinia immune globulin (VIG) and potentially the antiviral medication cidofovir. Prevention may include the use of the MVA-BN vaccine in those at high risk. Scarring often remains after healing. Without treatment around 35% die, and with treatment this is about 7%.

Between 2002 and 2012 only one case was described in the United States. In the United States in 1968 there were 66 cases following 14.5 million smallpox vaccinations, and 60 cases among several million contacts. Males are affected twice as often as females. The condition is believed to have been first described in 1882.