User:Mr. Ibrahem/Ewing sarcoma

Ewing sarcoma (EwS) is a type of cancer that can form in bone or in soft tissue. Symptoms may include swelling and pain at the site of the tumor, fever, or a bone fracture. The most common areas affected are the shafts of long bones of the legs, the pelvis, and the chest wall. In soft tissue, it can affect various parts of the body. In about 25% of cases, the cancer has already spread to other parts of the body at the time of diagnosis.

The cause of a Ewing sarcoma is unknown. Most cases appear to occur randomly. It is a type of small round cell sarcoma. Around 85% of cases are positive for CD99, a cell-surface glycoprotein. The underlying mechanism often involves a genetic rearrangement, most commonly between EWSR1 and FLII. Diagnosis is based on biopsy of the tumor; microscopic appearance and genetic confirmation. Other conditions that may appear similar include osteosarcoma, neuroblastoma, osteomyelitis, rickets, and rhabdomyosarcoma.

Treatment often includes chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgery, and stem cell transplant. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy are being studied. Five year survival is about 70%. A number of factors; however, affect this estimate.

Ewing sarcoma most frequently occurs in teenagers and young adults, but one in five may be in older people. In the United States about one in a million people per year are affected. It represents 2% of childhood cancers. Caucasians are affected more often than African Americans or Asians. Males are affected more often than females. James Ewing first described the cancer in 1920 and it was later named after him by Ernest Amory Codman.