User:Mr. Ibrahem/Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1-RA) are a class of medications used to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity. The ADA lists them as a first line medication for people with type 2 diabetes who are at high risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease as of 2022. They are available by injection under the skin and by mouth.

Common side effects include nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. They have a low risk of low blood sugar; though may result in pancreatitis or gastroparesis. Animal models have raised concerns regarding thyroid C-cell tumors. Use is not recommended in pregnancy. They are activators of the GLP-1 receptor. They work by increasing insulin release and decreasing glucagon in response to high blood sugar; and slowing stomach emptying.

The first GLP-1-RA, exenatide, was approved for medical use in the United States in 2005. As of 2022 they are relatively expensive in the United States, costing about 1,000 USD per month. There are versions that come premixed with long acting insulin. Shortages occurred in 2023 due to increased demand.