User:Mr. Ibrahem/Hematuria

Hematuria is defined as the presence of blood, specifically red blood cells, in the urine. Pain may or may not be present. Blood clots may also occur in the urine.

Causes are divided into whether or not the glomerulus of the kidney is involved. Those that involve the glomerulus include nephrotic syndrome, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, Alport syndrome, and IgA nephropathy. Causes that do not involve the glomerulus include urinary tract infections, prostatitis, fever, cancer, kidney stones, exercise, and bleeding problems. Other conditions that can be mistaken for blood in the urine include vaginal bleeding, gastrointestinal bleeding, and certain medication or foods that turn the urine red.

Diagnosis generally begins with a urinalysis which may be supported by urine microscopy. The presence of protein in the urine or misshapen red blood cells may indicate glomerular involvement. Medical imaging may be useful for picking up kidney stones, cysts, or masses. Cystoscopy may be useful for picking up bladder cancer. A kidney biopsy may be useful in those with a glomerular cause.

Treatment depends on the underlying cause. This may vary from observation for those with blood in the urine that comes and goes, with no other symptoms, and otherwise normal investigations. To interventional radiology to embolize significant bleeding. Blood in the urine is a common reason people seek health care.