User:Mr. Ibrahem/Hydronephrosis

Hydronephrosis is dilation of the calyces and pelvis of the kidney as a result of obstruction to urine flow downstream. When rapid in onset, symptoms often include a constant dull pain, with episodes of sharp pain. People often have trouble finding a position of confirm. Nausea and an urge to urinate may be present. When it develops gradually no symptoms may be present. Complications can include urinary tract infection and kidney failure.

Obstruction can occur at the level of the ureter, urinary bladder, or urethra. It can occur as a result of kidney stones, cancer, ureteropelvic junction stenosis, ureteral strictures, renal cysts, posterior urethral valves, benign prostatic hyperplasia, pregnancy, retroperitoneal fibrosis, and neurogenic bladder. Diagnosis is typically by medical imaging.

Treatment depends on the cause. A urinary catheter is frequently placed for lower urinary tract obstruction, while a ureteral stent or percutaneous nephrostomy tube may be placed for upper urinary tract causes. Post obstructive diuresis may occur after relieving the obstruction. Hydronephrosis is relatively common. It affects up to 1% of newborns and 80% of pregnant women, while kidney stones are the most common cause in young adults. It is found in about 3% of people at the time of death.