User:Mr. Ibrahem/Hypoparathyroidism

Hypoparathyroidism is when the parathyroid glands underproduction parathyroid hormone (PTH). This results in low blood calcium and high blood phosphorus, with symptoms of muscle cramps and muscle twitching. Other symptoms may include tingling of the hands and feet and depression. There may be poorly developed teeth, rough scaly skin, brittle nails and little hair growth. Complications may include osteoporosis and kidney stones.

The most common cause is as a complication of thyroid removal or other surgery to the neck. Other causes may include the genetic disorder DiGeorge syndrome, immune system-related damage, hemochromatosis, radiation therapy, and low magnesium. Diagnosis is based on blood tests for PTH and calcium.

The primary treatment is calcium and vitamin D supplementation. Initially large amounts of calcium gluconate may be given by injection. If this is not sufficient recombinant parathyroid hormone (rhPTH) may be used. A diet high in calcium and low in phosphorus is also recommended. Outcomes are generally good with treatment.

Hypoparathyroidism is rare. In the United States about 3 per 10,000 people are affected. Males and females are affected equally frequently. The association between thyroid removal and muscle spasms was described in 1884.