User:Mr. Ibrahem/Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is a pattern of injury of the glomeruli of the kidneys. Symptoms may include foamy urine, blood in the urine, or swelling. Generally it gradually worsens over time. Complications often include high blood pressure, low red blood cells, and kidney failure.

The cause can be unknown or it can occur as a result of infections, autoimmune disorders, cancer, liver disease, or certain drugs. The underlying mechanism is believed to involve immune complexes building up in the kidneys and activating the complement system. This results in mesangial cell growth with thickening of the walls of the small blood vessels. Diagnosis is by kidney biopsy.

The best method of management is unclear. Treatment may include the use of steroids, cyclophosphamide, or aspirin. Plasma exchange has been tried. While a kidney transplant may be carried out, the disease may reoccur afterwards. It is uncommon for the disease to resolve without treatment. Outcomes are generally poor.

MPGN is uncommon. It most commonly occurs in children and young adults. Males and females are affected equally frequently. It makes up about 4% of primary kidney causes of nephrotic syndrome in children and 7% in adults. MPGN was first described in 1965 by Gotoff and West.