User:Mr. Ibrahem/Neurogenic bladder

Neurogenic bladder refers to urinary bladder problems due to dysfunction of the nervous system. Symptoms can include an overactive bladder with the sudden need to pee, frequency urination, and leakage of urine following a strong urge to pee; spontaneous leakage of urine; and inability to pass urine. Complications may include urinary tract infections, incontinence, kidney stones, and vesicoureteral reflux.

Causes include spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, stroke, cerebral palsy, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, dementia, normal-pressure hydrocephalus, childbirth, and Guillain–Barré syndrome. Diagnosis may be based on urodynamic testing, medical imaging, electroencephalograph (EEG), and electromyograph (EMG).

Treatment depends on underlying cause and the presenting symptoms. An overactive bladder is often managed by clean intermittent catheterization and anticholinergic agents such as oxybutynin. Other options may include bladder training, alpha-blockers such as tamsulosin, and sacral nerve stimulation. Spontaneous leakage may be improved with Kegel exercises. A suprapubic catheter may be required if a urinary catheter will not pass.

Neurogenic bladder occurs in about 65% of people with multiple sclerosis, 55% of people with Parkinson's, 15% of people with stroke, 75% of people with spinal cord injury, and nearly all people with spina bifida. Around 400 BC the condition was described by Hippocrates following spinal cord injury. Urinary catheterization was determined to be a useful treatment during World War II.