User:Mr. Ibrahem/Obstetrical bleeding

Obstetrical bleeding is bleeding in pregnancy that occurs after 24 weeks of pregnancy, during childbirth, or after childbirth. Bleeding which occurs before 24 weeks is known as early pregnancy bleeding. Bleeding is generally vaginal and less commonly into the abdominal cavity. Complications may include premature delivery and fetal death.

Causes of bleeding before and during childbirth include cervicitis, placenta previa, placental abruption, and uterine rupture. Causes of bleeding after childbirth include poor contraction of the uterus, retained products of conception, and bleeding disorders. Before childbirth the cause can be assessed with a sterile speculum exam and ultrasound.

Treatment of significant bleeding involved providing intravenous fluids and blood products. RhIG is recommended for those who are Rh negative. In those less than 34 weeks pregnant, corticosteroids are also recommended. Other efforts depend on the underlying cause. After delivery oxytocin or methylergonovine may be used.

About 8.7 million cases of severe maternal bleeding occurred in 2015, resulting in 83,000 death. Between 2003 and 2009, bleeding accounted for 27% of maternal deaths globally. Bleeding before childbirth occurs in about 2% to 5% of pregnancies.