User:Mr. Ibrahem/Patent ductus arteriosus

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is when the connection between the aorta and pulmonary artery (the ductus arteriosus) fails to close after birth. Early on there are generally no symptoms; however, later shortness of breath, failure to gain weight at a normal rate, or difficulty exercising may occur. Complications may include heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, necrotizing enterocolitis, kidney failure, and intraventricular hemorrhage.

The cause is generally unknown. Risk factors include premature birth, maternal diabetes, cocaine, calcium channel blockers, and birth at high elevation. It is associated with a number of genetic syndromes including trisomy 13, Down syndrome, and DiGeorge syndrome. The ductus arteriosus is a fetal blood vessel that normally closes within 24 to 48 hours after birth. The diagnosis may be suspected based on a continuous heart murmur and confirmed by ultrasound of the heart.

Treatment may be recommended in those with symptoms. This may include the use of NSAIDs such as ibuprofen or surgery. Otherwise if it does not close on its own within 8 weeks treatment is recommended. Outcomes are generally good.

While common overall, it is rare in full term otherwise healthy babies. In those weighing less than 1 kilogram at birth, 70% are affected at 7 days. It is also present in 10% of people with other congenital heart disorders. The ductus arteriosus was first described in the 100s AD by Galen. Surgical treatment was first carried out in 1938.