User:Mr. Ibrahem/Pseudogout

Pseudogout, also known as calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (CPPD), is joint inflammation due to calcium pyrophosphate crystals. Attacks typically present as sudden onset of pain in one or a few joints. There is generally also redness, swelling, and heat present. The knee joint followed by the wrist are most commonly affected. Generally the big toe is not affected. Other symptoms may include fever. Complications may include osteoarthritis.

The cause of the crystals in most cases is unclear; though it occasionally it runs in families. Risk factors include previous joint injury. It is associated with hypophosphatasia, hemochromatosis, and high parathyroid hormone. Diet does not affect risk. Diagnosis may be confirmed by finding crystals that are rhomboid shaped and birefringent with polarized light in joint fluid. Medical imaging may show calcification of cartilage.

Attacks may be treated with colchicine, NSAIDs, corticosteroids, or anakinra. Evidence for preventative measures is poor; though, may include hydroxychloroquine or methotrexate. Symptoms of an attack may continue for weeks or months even with treatment.

Pseudogout affects about 5% of people in the United States and Europe. It is more common in older people, typically over the age of 60. The condition occurs with similar frequency in males and females; though, males may have more attacks. The initial descriptions of the condition is from 1962 by N. Kohn.