User:Mr. Ibrahem/Smallpox vaccine

Smallpox vaccines are vaccines that prevents smallpox and Mpox. For smallpox it was about 95% effective for 3 to 5 years. For monkeypox it has been at least 85% effective. While it is not routinely given to prevent smallpox, it is available for potential exposures. In 2022, it was recommended for people at high risk of these diseases. Older vaccines are given by scarification while newer ones are given by injection under the skin.

Current vaccines include ACAM2000, which was approved for medical use in the United States in 2007 and MVA-BN which was approved in 2019. ACAM2000 is a live vaccine that can duplicate itself, while MVA-BN is a live vaccine that cannot duplicate itself. Other types are under investigation.

Common side effects of ACAM2000 include swollen lymph nodes, tiredness, fever, and rash at the site of inoculation. Severe side effects may include myocarditis, eczema vaccinatum, and encephalitis. Use in pregnancy may harm the baby. Common side effects of MVA-BN include pain at the site of injection, tiredness, muscle pain, and headache. Severe side effects may include anaphylaxis. There is no evidence of increased harm in pregnancy or eczema.

Smallpox vaccine was first applied in a scientific manner in 1796, when Edward Jenner demonstrated that infection by the relatively mild cowpox virus conferred protection from smallpox. Cowpox; however, had been used previously in 1774 by Benjamin Jesty and other physicians in the 1700s but had not been promoted to the same degree. The practice of vaccination become common across Europe by 1800. From 1966 to 1977, the World Health Organization conducted a vaccination campaign that eradicated smallpox, making it the only human disease to be eradicated. In the 2000s the cost of a replicating vaccine was about 5 USD per dose while that of a non-replicating vaccine was about 29 USD.