User:Mr. Ibrahem/Undescended testis

Undescended testis, also known as cryptorchidism, is the absence of at least one testicle from the scrotum. The right testis is most commonly involved, though occasionally both are affected. Often it can be felt in the inguinal canal. The testis may be undescended at birth or re-ascend after birth. Complications may include testicular torsion, and inguinal hernias. There is a 10- to 40-times higher risk of developing testicular cancer. One undescended testis does not appear to reduce fertility, though two may.

The cause is often unclear. Risk factors may include prematurity, smoking during pregnancy, family history, and certain genetic mutations. Diagnosis may be by examination or ultrasound. It may be associated with other birth defects such as hypospadia.

Surgery between the age of 6 to 18 months is recommended if the testicle does not descend on its own. The type of surgery carried involves moving the testicle into the scrotum, known as orchiopexy. Hormone therapy is generally not recommended. Parents may require reassurance, to prevent psychological distress.

About 3% of full-term and 30% of premature boys are born with at least one undescended testis. It is the most common birth defect of the male genital tract. About half will descend in the first three month three of life, with about 1% remaining undescended at a year. Descriptions of the condition date back to the Old Testament.