User:Mr. Ibrahem/Vesicoureteral reflux

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a condition in which urine flows backwards from the bladder to one or both ureters and sometimes to the kidneys. While no symptoms may occur, it may result in urinary tract infections (UTI). Complications may include kidney problems and it may be associated with bedwetting.

Risk factors include a family history. The underlying mechanism often involves the valve between the ureter and bladder not closing properly. Other causes may include bladder outlet obstruction or a neurogenic bladder. Diagnosis may involved an ultrasound or voiding cystourethrogram.

As the condition may resolve as a child grows, close follow-up and rapid treatment of UTIs maybe recommended. Long-term antibiotics may also be used to prevent infection. Surgery or injections of bulking agents may be used in severe disease or for certain causes.

VUR is estimated to affect about 1% of people. It is more common in children who have a UTI and fever, affecting about a third of this group. Young children are most commonly affected. Girls are more commonly affected than boys. The condition has been described since the 1st century. Successful surgical repair was first carried out in 1952.