User:Mrj0037/Enterobacter/Bibliography

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Enterobacter

·       “Several strains of these bacteria are pathogenic and cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised (usually hospitalized) hosts and in those who are on mechanical ventilation.”

o  Needs a reference

o  Healthy host infected by pathogenic strains show no symptoms. (Maybe Not)

·       Virulent characteristics

o  Enterobacter is a non-spore forming, 2mm long bacilli with motile flagella. Cultures are found in soil, water, sewage, feces and gut environments. Pathogenic characteristics are the functions that influence microbial infectivity.

o  For Enterobacter species, the flagella is used for adhesion, biofilm formation, and protein export as well as motility. Between the strains, the microbial genus produces endotoxins unique to the species.

o  As a gram negative bacterium, the lipopolysaccharide capsule helps to avoid phagocytosis and can initiate inflammatory response.

·       Common clinical symptoms ________. Disease expression _________.

·       Patients reach the infectious stage once the disease is transmissible through _______ (Salmonella), _____(E. coli), __________ (Yerisia), and  _______ (Klebsellia) means.

·       Disease outbreaks occur when the pathogenic strains reach favorable conditions. In hospital environments this includes food and staff equipment such as probes and catheters. These hospital outbreaks include multidrug resistant strains against broad-spectrum antibiotics.

·       Morphology

o   https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/cmr.00002-19

·       Host

o  In patients, pathogenic strains were discovered in the sputum, blood, stool, and surgical wounds. Enterobacter is associated with common nosocomial infections including respiratory, endocarditis, bacteremia, urinary tract infections, osteomyelitis, among others. Enterobacter bacteremia presents as fever but can progress to SIRS and shock. For Enterobacter pneumonia, it’s coughing and shortness of breath.

§  https://europepmc.org/article/nbk/nbk559296