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Neurological:

There are two different types of phobias (Garcia, 2017). The first is non-experimental specific phobia and it is caused when a stimuli arouses fear without any previous direct interaction (Garcia, 2017), This type of specific phobia has multiple other factors such as environmental, familial and genetic (Garcia, 2017). Its theorized that the fear is due to classical fear conditioning but continually being reinforced by operant fear conditioning which reinforces avoidance behavior (Garcia, 2017). The second type of specific fear phobia is experimental (Garcia, 2017). Studies have shown that experimental is due to classical fear conditioning occur by combining a neural cue with an aversive event (Garcia, 2017). Afterwards, the cue in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus causes fear (Garcia, 2017). Patients with specific phobias react to phobic stimuli with fear and conscious avoidance of that stimuli (Ipser, Singh, Stein, 2013) A patient with specific phobia must be aware that the fear is excessive and may lead to a panic attack (Isper et al., 2013). Specific phobia is a psychiatric disorder with a lifetime prevalence of 12.5% (Isper et al., 2013). The largest areas of the brain that specific phobias affect are in the anterior insula which expresses fear and anxiety, amygdala which regulates emotion, the right frontal cortex which controls language and even extending into the basal ganglia which controls executive functioning and emotions (Isper et al., 2013). The right thalamus which is regulation of consciousness and the cerebellum which controls motor movement was also activated while it was seem that there was a deactivation of the right frontal cortex and basal ganglia (Isper et al., 2013).