User:Mstanley294/sandbox

Evaluating Articles and Sources
Evaluate an article using the following questions as a guide:
 * Is everything in the article relevant to the article topic? Is there anything that distracted you?
 * Is the article neutral? Are there any claims, or frames, that appear heavily biased toward a particular position?
 * Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented?
 * Check a few citations. Do the links work? Does the source support the claims in the article?
 * Is each fact referenced with an appropriate, reliable reference? Where does the information come from? Are these neutral sources? If biased, is that bias noted?
 * Is any information out of date? Is anything missing that could be added?
 * Check out the Talk page of the article. What kinds of conversations, if any, are going on behind the scenes about how to represent this topic?
 * How is the article rated? Is it a part of any WikiProjects?
 * How does the way Wikipedia discusses this topic differ from the way we've talked about it in class?

Gather your sources
As you come across good sources, you'll want to gather them somewhere so you can find them when you 're ready to start writing. Your sandbox is a convenient place to collect them. Just add a section — you can call it "Bibliography", "Notes", or anything else you like — and use it to jot down a few notes about the source.

Use the Cite tool to add a reference, and once you save it, the reference will appear at the bottom of the page. When you're ready to start writing, you can drag the citation link to wherever you want in your draft.

Environmental Ethics
From: Environmental ethics An emerging field that is getting wider acceptance. Unbiased, but lacking a holistic perspective of ideas and thinkers. There are more connections which can be made regarding the human-earth relationship. The "See Also" section could add other links as well.
 * including the non-human world
 * Carson, Hardin and Leopold
 * civil liberty approach to environmentalism
 * deep ecology: intrinsic value
 * biocentrism and practical ethics
 * ecological extension: the global environment as one whole
 * humanism and being non-sentient
 * scarcity values
 * the problems of Christian and Abrahamic theologies regarding industrialization: stewardship vs unmanaged consumption
 * anthropocentrism: strong vs weak
 * environmental pragmatism
 * biotic ethics

Behavioral Geography
(would like to edit this page: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_geography)

The Social Construction of Nature
(would like to add a section on this topic)

=DRAFT FOR REVIEW= =The Social Construction of Nature=
 * There is a page entitled Social Nature (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_nature) that refers to the concept, but is very short and refers only to two critical geographer's and one book by two geographers.

Nature is the world which surrounds us, including all life (plants, animals, organisms, humans, etc.) and physical features. Social Construction is the way that human beings process the world around us in our minds. According to Plato's 'Classical Theory of Categorization', humans create categories of what they see through experience and imagination. It is this characterization that makes language and semantics possible. If these experiences and imageries are not placed into categories, then the human ability to think about it becomes limited.

The social construction of nature looks to question different truths and understandings for how people treat nature, based on when and where someone lives. In academic circles, researchers look at how truths exist (ontology) and how truths are justified (epistemology). Construction is both a process and an outcome, where people's understandings of the word nature can be both literal and metaphorical, such as through giving it a human quality (Mother Nature). It can also be used to discredit science or philosophy.

As a subset of behavioral geography, it also includes environmental ethics and values, which affect how humans treat, and interact with, the natural environment. It incorporates ideas from environmental science, ecology, sociology, geography, biology, theology, philosophy, psychology, politics, economics, and other disciplines, to bring together the social, cultural and environmental dimensions of life. It uses a lot of ideas from Western world thinking, but it is also incorporates truths from other world views, such as the Traditional Knowledge of Aboriginal groups, or more specifically ecofeminism and cosmology in India or ubuntu philosophy in Africa, for example. It is also related to postmodernism and the concept of the Anthropocene, that views humans as a force that is redirecting the geological history of Earth, destroying nature.

The Role of Linguistics
There are many ways of understanding and interpreting nature, which is why many differing truths are valid. According to Raymond Williams, there are three ways to give meaning to (or define) nature: According to Raymond Williams, language plays a role in how we understand, interpret, and give meaning to nature. This is how multiple truths can be valid at the same time.
 * 1) Nature as a quality, character or process
 * 2) Nature as a force
 * 3) Nature as the material world

The Role of Mental Maps
Humans have the ability to create images of their environments through experiences in their mind. These experiences allow us to create mental maps where we can create memories associated to space. It is a two-way process where the environment provides suggestions for what should be seen, and then the observer gives meaning with those suggestions.

These images have three parts: According to David Lynch, the environmental images (or mental maps) that we make can either be weak or strong, where the process is ongoing and never stops.
 * 1) An identity
 * 2) A pattern
 * 3) A practical or emotional meaning

The Role of Science
Science occurs at many dimensions and scales that does not consider culture, but can motivated by politics, economics and ethics. Scientific knowledge consists of concepts and analysis, and is a way to represent nature.

According to Michel Foucault, a truth does not have to be close to reality for it to be worth something or have power. For Carolyn Merchant, science can only be given power if a truth is interpreted as having worth.

Schools of Thought
Relativism is is important in the social construction of nature, as all truths are relative to the perspective they are coming from. There are two schools of thought on how the social construction of nature is relative: Critical realists reject the idea of relativism and rely more on natural sciences. Pragmatists have no set opinion on the matter and rely on social science and ethics, instead.
 * 1) Critical Realism (being realistic)
 * 2) Pragmatism (being practical)

According to Richard Rorty, relativism is relevant to pragmatism in three ways: According to Gilbert White, pragmatism has four main assumptions: Richard Rorty also associated three characteristics to pragmatism: Being pragmatic is the more accepted school of thought for social construction being a relative concept.
 * 1) Every belief is equally valid
 * 2) There is no criteria for what a truth can be
 * 3) That any truth can be justified by the society it comes from
 * 1) That human existence is based on putting labor into the land
 * 2) That the idea of owning anything is a conception
 * 3) That humans learn from their experiences
 * 4) That engagement of the publics is what allows for commitments
 * 1) That all theories characterize some form of truth
 * 2) That there is not difference between what can and should be done when it comes to the truth
 * 3) That knowledge is constrained by the conversations we have

Recovery Narratives

 * 1500s: Francis Bacon (that human intervention in nature is needed to gain back the Garden of Eden on Earth)
 * 1600s: René Descartes (that the world is a machine we can control)
 * 1600s: John Locke (that private property makes humans civilized)
 * 1700s: Adam Smith (that capitalism will bring progress)
 * Present-day: The Christian narrative and the narrative of the Scientific Revolution have merged to become the 'Recovery Narrative of Western Culture'

Transitions of Thought

 * 1500s-1600s: The belief that man is responsible for environmental problems
 * 1700s-1800s: The idea that progress is attained through controlling nature
 * Mid-1800s: The realization that humans are having unintended impacts on the environment
 * 1800s-1900s: The belief that technology has all the solutions to our problems
 * 1920s-1930s: The belief that technology is destroying nature
 * 1950s-1960s: The belief that humans risk being annihilated if they do not control technological impacts
 * 1960s-1970s: The public awakening of human impacts on the environment with the publication of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring
 * 1980s: The belief that no matter the costs, unrestricted growth is needed for progress
 * 1987: The spreading of public awareness of impacts with the publication of the Brundtland Commission Report: Our Common Future

How Nature becomes Socially Constructed
Nature can be socially constructed by both culturally interpreting and physically shaping the environment. This can happen in three ways: Constructions can also be categorized by giving them meaning through the process of embodiment, which has three components:
 * 1) Using non-human symbols to represent nature (Totemism)
 * 2) Using non-human animals to relate to nature (Animism)
 * 3) Viewing nature as an 'Other' (Naturalism)
 * 1) The 'habitus' (the individual)
 * 2) The practice it originates from (the culture)
 * 3) An associated taxonomic group (i.e. homo sapiens)

No matter how nature becomes socially constructed, though, the process itself is limited by three dimensions: The physical dimension is limited to the human body, where the brain is responsible for creating and selecting thoughts. The mental dimension is used to understand the physical dimension and is limited to human logic. The social dimension needs moral and social order and is used to give meaning to both what is physically present and what is culturally constructed. All three dimensions must be present and linked to be able to socially construct nature.
 * 1) The physical dimension
 * 2) The mental dimension
 * 3) The social dimension

Criticism on the Social Construction of Nature
The social construction of nature has room for improvement in four main areas:
 * 1) By giving more importance to how realities are culturally constructed through social interactions
 * 2) By acknowledging that all science should be analyzed by the same standard
 * 3) By gaining a better understanding of the role language plays in constructionism
 * 4) By giving more importance to how truths exist and how they are justified, using Actor-Network Theory

= References =