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History of E-governance

The term of E-governance
The term e-Government (e-Gov) emerged in the late 1990s, but the history of computing in government organizations can be traced back to the beginnings of computer history. A literature on “IT in government” goes back at least to the 1970s [Kraemer, et al, 1978, Danziger and Andersen, 2002]. This literature concerns IT use within government, while the recent e-Gov literature more often concerns external use, such as services to the citizens [Ho, 2002]. While some earlier e-Gov computer issues, such as office automation, may not be highly relevant to research today, many issues are, for example decision making, service processes, and values. As we shall see in Section IV, all definitions of e-Gov go beyond services to the citizen to include organizational change and the role of government. Therefore, the two strands of literature need to be considered together as the basis of the e-Gov field. Just like the term e-Commerce, the term e-Government was born out of the Internet boom. However, it is not limited to Internet use or publicly accessible systems for direct use by customers or citizens. e-Gov started as a practitioner field, basically convening practitioners struggling to meet the new challenges of the Internet medium by implementing new systems creatively. For example, in the United States the (then) Vice President Gore led the National Performance Review, which placed a strong emphasis on the role of e-government in federal services [Gore, 1993; Salem, 2003].

ORIGIN
Just like the term e-Commerce, the term e-Government was born out of the Internet boom. However, it is not limited to Internet use or publicly accessible systems for direct use by customers or citizens. e-Gov started as a practitioner field, basically convening practitioners struggling to meet the new challenges of the Internet medium by implementing new systems creatively. For example, in the United States the (then) Vice President Gore led the National Performance Review, which placed a strong emphasis on the role of e-government in federal services [Gore, 1993; Salem, 2003]. Communications of the Association for Information Systems (Volume 15, 2004)713-729

E-GOV LITERATURE
A large number of publications appear outside of scientific journals and conferences. We now present this literature, which is mainly of a practical nature. A huge number of e-Gov projects are undertaken in most countries around the globe. Many attempts are made to assess e-Gov development based on these projects. Analyses cover both geographical areas and various topics. There is a distinction in production, as most scientific papers cover developments in the industrialized world whereas the developing world is largely covered by research and development sponsored by major organizations such as the World Bank and UN. These two strands of development are merging, and will most likely continue to do so as For example, conferences arranged by G8, Telecities, and national associations of municipalities 716 Communications of the Association for Information Systems (Volume 15, 2004)713-729 Introducing E-Gov: History, Definitions, and Issues by Å. Grönlund and T.A. Horan technology rapidly spreads across the globe and as experiences from early trials can be disseminated. In this subsection we therefore do not distinguish between them. The following discussion is designed only to indicate the scope of literature in the field. We do not claim to be complete or even to cover the most important publications.

History of E-governance in Egypt(portal)
in 2001, The Egyptian e-government program In Egypt began within the Ministry of Communication And Information Technology (MCIT) and was a Component of the Egyptian Information Society, Egypt Information and Communication Technology (ICT) strategy. In 2004, the program was transferred to the Ministry of State for Administrative Development (MSAD), as an element of administrative reform and Development, together with the institutional reform of Public administration. In January 2004 the Egyptian Prime Minister And Microsoft Chairman Bill Gates started the e- Government solution using Microsoft technology. It is Based on three different tiers. The front-end userInterface is the upper tier. This is the Portal (www.egypt.gov.eg), which has an Arabic- English interface and acts as the entry point for all Government-related services. The middle tier is the Portal Gateway, It represents as a bridge between the upper tier and the Lower tier. Through the gateway, central authentication, Registration, and service routing are performed It uses extended Mark-up Language (XML), Single Object Access Protocol (SOAP), and Web services to integrate Seamlessly with any ministry’s back end to deliver Cross-platform application integration. The last tier Involves the development and integration of multiple Government-to-business online services at several Ministries.