User:Mujinga/draftSCI

To add
short descrip box? Brit EN

NOTAVand otehr socail struggles

>>>Alternatively, Forte Prenestino in Rome exists for XX years and refuses to legalize.

>>>Disobbedienti / YA Basta / WOMBLES

sports
palestra populare

The Palestra Populare Antifa Boxe (People's Antifascist Boxing Gym) was the first gym to be founded, in October 2001 at Askatasuna.


 * http://sebavitale.com/projects1/photography/activist-boxing/

Other activities Bikepolo

Turin
In 2019, two social centres (Asilo Occupato and CSO Giulio Cesare) were evicted in a large police operation. The police had warrants to arrest seven people for a firebombing campaign, of which six were arrested.


 * http://www.ansa.it/english/news/general_news/2018/07/13/19-nabbed-at-turin-social-centre_5a8dd0fb-2ff5-4b7d-a56e-c8c316e4e498.html
 * https://torino.corriere.it/cronaca/19_febbraio_10/scontri-torino-questore-criminali-corteo-possibile-che-vogliano-riprendersi-l-asilo-4b476404-2d2e-11e9-9137-8c3ab066961d.shtml
 * https://www.lastampa.it/2019/03/31/cronaca/settantaquattro-denunciati-al-corteo-anarchico-salvini-bene-ora-i-giudici-non-facciano-sconti-x6uzZs3Pbibt97feaoLIXP/pagina.html
 * https://www.cronacaqui.it/viminale-studia-lo-sgombero-asilo-occupato-askatasuna/

Extra Refs
1 http://urbanstudiesjnl.blogspot.com/2017/05/autonomy-centres.html

2 Territories of Struggle: Social Centres in Northern Italy Opposing Mega‐Events https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/anti.12287

Elsewhere in Italy
more bologna wright
 * https://noisey.vice.com/en_uk/article/59p8jb/how-hardcore-punk-will-save-italy-from-gentrification
 * http://scalar.usc.edu/works/sage-burns-street-art-analysis/whatisxm24
 * Centro Sociale Rivolta is located in the Porto Marghera district of Venice. It was occupied in 1989.


 * Gramigna was a long-standing Communist centre in Padua before its eviction in CHECK REF


 * Catania: Experia, Auro

Naples
CSOA Officina 99 in [[Gianturco, [[Naples was first occupied in December 1990 but quickly evicted. It was then reoccupied in May 1991 by 500 people. The people were from different groups such as homeless and migrant, of all ages. The occupation built upon a previous occupation in 1986 which had lasted 6 months. Officina refuses any form of legalization and is critical of centres such as Leoncavallo which has legalized.

As of 1999, other social centres in Naples included Lo Ska (Laboratorio Occupato di Sperimentazione e Kultura Antagonista) and DAMM (Diego Armando Maradona Montesanto).


 * https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261143007001407 (https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/popular-music/article/putting-spanners-in-the-works-the-politics-of-the-99-posse/0D39C8D03B94F0B8463339725F1D1E48)
 * https://journals.openedition.org/qds/1404

Mo fotos
http://www.bollier.org/blog/teatro-valle-occupation-ends-and-new-theater-commons-begins

>>>>File:Officina 99.JPG

File:1030_-_Milano_-_Centro_Sociale_Leoncavallo_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall'Orto_11-5-2007.jpg

File:Zapata.jpg genoa

File:Askatasuna_torino.jpg

File:Dälek @ Leoncavallo - 2.jpg

File:Teatro valle.jpg

File:Cenisia csoa gabrio.jpg

File:17 ott 1993 solidarieta al leoncavallo.jpg Demonstration in support of Leoncavallo in 1993 - only on IT wiki

File:23_sett_89_manifestazione_rioccupazione_leoncavallo.jpg the demonstration that led to the reoccupation of Leoncavallo - only on IT wiki

gogogo
Self-managed social centres in Italy exist in many cities. They are part of different left-wing political networks such as anarchist, communist and autonomist. The centres ([[Italian (language Italian: centri sociali)) tend to be [[squatted and provide self-organised, self-financing spaces for alternative and noncommercial activities such as concerts, exhibitions, farmers markets, infoshops and migrant initiatives. Over time, some but not all projects have opted to legalize their status.

History
Social centres were first occupied in the mid 1970s in cities such as Milan by groups of young people, both students and unemployed. The social centres in Milan were used for diverse activities, such as concerts, films,yoga classes, discussion groups and counselling for drug addicts.

They often affiliated themselves with Workers’ Autonomy [[Italian: Autonomia Operaia and suffered when this social movements were repressed following the [[Years of Lead (Italy). A second wave of social centres began in the late 1980s and early 1990s, with more than 100 projects spread across the country. Two factors which helped the wave spread were the well-publicised eviction resistance (and subsequent resquat) of Leoncavallo in Milan and the Panther student movement.

What linked these political and cultural projects was the fact they were squatted, their focus on self-management and self-financing and the use of the space as a social venue for the local community. The differences tended to stem from whether the project was primarily anarchist, autonomist, communinist or without ideology. This then resulted in a later debate about whether to legalize spaces or not. Legalization denoted two things: firstly the formation of an association so that the squatter collective now had a legal form; secondly setting up a rental contract between the city and the project.

From 1993 onwards, some squats began legalization processes and others did not. The social centres which did legalize successfully then changed their title from ‘CSOA’ ([[Italian: Centro Sociale Occupato Autogestito – Self-Managed Squatted Social Centre), to ‘CSA’ (Italian: Centro Sociale Autogestito – Self-Managed Social Centre). Owing to these changes, there is no longer just one network of social centres, but several disparate ones. The institutionalized centres such as Leoncavallo then became associated with the [[Tute Bianche (White Overalls) movement of the late 1990s

Legalization can create problems since forming an association imposes hierarchy on a previously horizonal collective and also contracts tend to be for a fixed time period and can be hard to renew. Therefore in the 2010s some projetcs such as [[Teatro Valle Occupato (Rome), XM24 (Bolgna) and MACAO (Milan, have attemoted to promote new, more flexible forms of legalization with varying degrees of success.

Statistics
From small numbers of social centres in the 1980s, in the 1990s there were around 120. By 2006 it was estimated there were 150 across the entire country, with many clustered in Milan, Rome and Turin.

Leoncavallo
The Leoncavallo social centre was first occupied in 1975. The former pharmaceutical factory was on Leoncavallo Street in the north east of the city. In 1989, the Mayor of Milan decided to evict the building in accordance with the wishes of the owner. It was then partially demolished. A few days after the eviction, Leoncavallo was reoccupied and rebuilt.

By 1994, there was a rightwing campaign against the centre and it was again evicted. This time, a new building (a former printers) was occupied, close to the former site. The city decided not to evict and the owners did not ask for this, since they were hoping to be paid rent. By 2000, no agreement had been reached and the following year a representative of the centre was elected to the city council as a member of the Communist Party ([[Rifondazione Comunista). In 2004, the Leoncavallo Foundation was set up to continue negotiations.

Activities at the vast centre include musical concerts, theatre shows, debates and exhibitions. Since 1995, free food and accommodation is provided for whoever needs it. As of 2003, 80 people were working at the centre, half as volunteers, half receiving 'solidarity tokens' for their time. The centre is self-financing, generating the money it needs for upkeep from benefit concerts and bar takings. For ideological reasons the centre refuses to pay taxes.

When [[Naomi Klein visited Leoncavallo in 2001,she described it as "practically a self-contained city, with several restaurants, gardens, a bookstore, a cinema, an indoor skateboard ramp, and a club so large it was able to host [[Public Enemy when they came to town."

The still extant centre defines itself in 2019 as 'Leoncavallo Spazio Pubblico Autogestito' (Leoncavallo Self-managed Public Space).

Macao
A group called 'the art workers' ([[Italian (Langauge): Lavoratori dell’arte) occupied the [[Galfa Tower in [[Milan for 10 days under the name Macao. They occupied the [[Palazzo Cittiero in the [[Brera district before being evicted and afterwards they squatted a former slaughterhouse in [[Calvairate, in June 2012.

Over five years until 2017, Macao hosted 2,000 artists making exhibitions, talks, workshops, and musical events. They also held assemblies and ran seminars on the theme of the fair treatment of cultural workers. In 2017, the city council decided it wanted to sell the complex of buildings known as Ortomercato (which includes the Macao site) for redevelopment. Macao asked to be able to buy the building for themselves. The group submitted a proposal endorsed by the German Mietshäuser Syndikat.

Cox 18
The Cox 18 social centre was born in 1988 in a building squatted in 1976. It is a three storey building located at Conchetta 18, in [[Porta Ticinese, Milan. The influences were punk, trade unionism and Calusca, the latter being a local [[libertarian bookshop and library which then became based at the project. When the neighbours in the street made complaints about drug use and noise, the centre was evicted in 1989. It was resquatted, then violently evicted and reoccupied again. Cox 18 concentrated efforts on making links with the neighbourhood and this ensured their survival.

Rome
Rome has many social centre projects, including Acrobax, Angelomai Altrove, Cinema America Occupato and Nuovo Cinema Palazzo

Corto Circuito
CSOA Corto Circuito was a long-running social centre. It was squatted in 1990 and evicted in 2016. Over its lifetime it experienced two fires, one in 1991 in which a 21 year old activist, Auro Bruni, lost his life and one in 2012 which destroyed one of the buildings of the centre. The squatters therefore rebuilt the structure, using permaculture principles. They did not get the correct permits and the authorities used this as a reason to evict. The eviction operation sealed off the neighbourhood and featured 200 police agents carabinieri, 50 municipal police and 3 fire brigade teams.

Forte Prenestino
{{Main|Forte Prenestino [[Forte Prenestino is an old fort in Rome which was squatted on May 1, 1986. It is a huge site which hosts a range of projects.

Atlantide
Atlantide was occupied in 1998 by Tute Bianche activists. It was used by many groups, including Antagonismo Gay (gay separatists); Quelle Che Non Ci Stanno (feminist and lesbian separatists), NullaOsta (punks) and from 2008, Laboratorio Smaschieramenti (trans*-feminist-queer). Atlantide was evicted on 9 October 2015, by the order of Mayor Virginio Merola.

Làbas
Làbas was occupied in 2012. Young people worked as volunteers to create various projects, such as a vegetable garden, an organic pizzeria, a bike repair workshop, a microbrewery producing orgnaic beer, a volunteer-run creche and a dormitory for migrants, refugees and homeless people. The project was evicted in 2017.

XM24
XM24 is a social centre which exists since 2002, although its roots come from an earlier squatted social centre. 'XM' means 'Ex Market' (Italiano Italian: Ex Mercato) and it is located at number 24 on Via Aristotile Fioravanti. Activities include the People’s Kitchen (a vegan cafe), the Ampioraggio People’s Bike Shop, the People’s Free Gym. It is run by a general assembly which meets every Tuesday. The three definining characteristics of the sapce are antifascist activism, support for migrants and collective self-management.

Events such as 'Anti-MTVday,' a farmers market and meetings of the Critical Wine network have all been held at the centre. Famous street artist [[Blu (artist)|Blu has been connected with the centre since its beginnings and supported it in the fight against eviction by painting a huge mural on a building next door to the centre which was scheduled to be demolished. The mural was later covered up by Blu in 2016, in order to protest at the city council organising an exhibition called 'Street Art: Banksy & Co: L’Arte allo Stato Urbano,' which used Blu's works without permission.

Music
File:Danno3.jpg Italian rapper Danno performing at Forte Prenestino

Social centres provide cheap DIY venues for many alternative forms of music, including punk and Italian hardcore. They have also provided a fertile breeding ground for homegrown [[Italian hiphop. In the 1990s, the rap group Assalti Frontali built a recording studio at Forte Prenestino and 99 Posse were associated with Officina 99