User:Mukesh6022/sandbox

Mahuadanr Wolf Sanctuary
The Mahuadanr Wolf Sanctuary is in Mahuadanr CD Block of District- Latehar in Jharkhand. It is under administrative control of Deputy Director, South Division, Medininagar under Palamau Tiger Reserve Circle. The sanctuary was declared on 23 June, 1976 vide govt. of Bihar extraordinary gazette. The sanctuary constitutes the right burdened forests but final notification by acquiring all the rights is still pending after 38 years of declaration of sanctuary.

Location
The sanctuary is situated between Latitudes 23° 22’ 22” and 23° 33’ 49” North and longitudes 84° 0’ 06” and 84° 12’ 29” East. The sanctuary falls mainly in two beats- Aksi and Mahuadanr of Mahuadanr range. A small forest area of Baresanr range of Chetma sub-beat is also included in the sanctuary. It is fragmented in to small patches forming a broken ring. Most of the forest under sanctuary is surrounded by crop fields. Some forests are contiguous with Baresanr range and to Kusumi Range of Ambikapur Forest Division (Chhattisgarh). The tract is undulating. The average altitude is nearly 600 meters. The sanctuary borders hill ranges of various altitudes. The western part hill tops are flat locally called “pat”. The maximum altitude of the “Pat” is 1,170 meters (Chiro pat). The major pats are Chiro Pat, Orsa Pat, and Kukud Pat. The isolated hills locally called “Tongari” are also found nearer to valleys.

Drainage System
The major river which drains the Mahuadanr valley is Burha River. The drainage system follows south to north and forms tributaries of river Son. Burha River meets its tributary as Aksi River and numerous small rivulets which drains into the master drainage North Koel River near Kujrum. The famous Lodh Fall (Burha Ghagh) near village Lodh is situated on River Burha. The river forms picturesque cup shaped Chhechhari valley. The valley is very fertile and home to some of the most primitive tribal population.

Climate
The area enjoys a tropical climate with 3 distinct seasons. The summer temperature goes up to 45°C but winter is severe with temperature downing to 1- 2°C. the frost occurs in the valley. The precipitation is erratic and mean annual rainfall is 1406.9 mm. The mean rain days in the region are 90 day in the year. The summer days experience hot wind mostly on the northern part. The area experienced famine like situation in 1967 and 1993.

Forest Type
The general composition of forests in the PA consist of plants like Bel, Dhaura, Khair, Salai, Piar, kendu, karonda, Ziziphus and stunted Sal, kajhi, Chilbil, Anwla. The presence of Butea superba is everywhere as climber. The grasses like Apluda, Themeda, Arundinella, Heteropogon, Chrysopogon, Cynodon, and Saccharum are typical and provide ground cover. According to Champion and Seth, Mahuadanr Wolf Sanctuary area has the following types and sub- types of forests. Type 1-Moist Tropical forests consisting of Sub type-3C/2(e) Moist Peninsular Sal Forests Type 2-Dry Tropical Forests consisting of Sub Type-5B/C1(e) Dry peninsular Sal Forests Variations do occur due to climatic, edaphic and biotic factors. Microclimate also influences the forest types. Taking all these into consideration, the vegetation has further been classified into the following sub-types: • 3C / C2e (iii) Moist Peninsular Valley Sal. • 3C/C2e (ii) Moist Peninsular low-level Sal • 5B / C1e Dry Peninsular Sal Forests. • 5B / C2 Northern Dry Mixed Deciduous forest. • E4 Lateritic Semi-ever green forest • 5/DS1 Moist Mixed Shrub Deciduous forest The sub-types of these forests are as follows: a) Moist Peninsular Valley Sal [3C/C2e(iii)]: • Damp valley Sal • The Pats • Terminalia tomentosa forest [3C/E1(ii)] b) Dry Peninsular Sal Forest [5B/C1c]: • Shorea- Anogeissus- Woodfordia association • Shorea- Gardenia- Eulaliopsis association