User:Musabaevaeenlik2002/Bukeikhanov, Alikhan Nurmukhamedovich

Alikhan Bukeikhanov (KAZ. Alikhan Bokeikhan; 1866, Tokraunsky volost, Karkarala County, Semipalatinsk region, Russian Empire — September 27, 1937, Moscow, USSR) — Kazakh public figure, teacher, journalist, ethnographer. One of the leaders of the party "Alash", the Commissioner of the Provisional government in Kazakhstan (1917). Chairman (Prime Minister) of the Alash autonomy from 1917 to 1920. Alikhan Bukeikhanov is considered the first Prime Minister of Kazakhstan.

Biography
He belonged to the descendants of the Kazakh "Chingizids" Torah. He graduated from Omsk technical school, then the faculty of Economics of Petersburg forest Institute. I did statistics. He collaborated with the newspaper "Semipalatinsk regional news».

He referred himself to the "Western direction" of the social movement of the Kazakh intelligentsia, which "sees the future of the Kyrgyz steppe in the conscious implementation of Western culture — in the broadest sense of the word" and "will take as a model... in particular, the Party of people's Freedom" ("Kirghiz", in the book: Forms of national movement in modern States, 1910, p. 599). At the same time, he actively fought against the Russian colonization of the Kyrgyz steppe.

Alikhan Bukeikhanov became the first biographer of Abay. His article "Abay (Ibrahim) Kunanbayev" — an obituary of the Kazakh national poet in connection with the characteristic of his work was published in the newspaper "Semipalatinsk leaf" in 1905. Then with a portrait of Abai, she was published in the journal "Notes of the Semipalatinsk sub-Department of the West Siberian Department of the Imperial Russian geographical society" in 1907.

Member of the cadet party since 1905. In November 1905, participated in the all-Russian Congress of zemstvo and city leaders in Moscow, at its meeting on November 12, made a speech on the situation of the Kyrgyz people. At the end of 1905 in Uralsk at the Congress of delegates of 5 regions was one of the initiators of the attempt to create (Kyrgyz) constitutional democratic party. In January 1906 he was arrested "as the head of the Kyrgyz political movement". In may 1906, on the order of the citizen correcting the post of Governor-General, Lieutenant-General Romanov was released from Omsk prison.

5 Jun 1906, arrived in Semipalatinsk, where he was warmly greeted. The wishes of the Semipalatinsk Kirghiz were expressed to choose him as a member of the State Duma, as he was the only person who skillfully and firmly stood for the interests of the Kyrgyz people.

Member of the 1st State Duma of the Semipalatinsk region. Having reached St. Petersburg after the dissolution of the Duma, he nevertheless signed the Vyborg appeal (1906), calling for civil disobedience. In 1908 he was arrested again, until 1917 he was in exile in Samara. Member of the Samara provincial Committee (established in August 1915) of the people's Freedom Party. He was a member of the VVNR, was in the Lodge "Chermak" (Petrograd).

But his ways with the cadets parted after the February revolution, as he ceased to find support among them in the most important issue — the provision of autonomy to the Kazakh people, as well as on other fundamental issues (land use and the relationship between the state and the Church). He stated his motives in the article "Why I left the cadet party", noting as the essence of the differences the desire of party comrades and Masonic "brothers" to "preserve the Empire at the existing borders".

Having self-determined, A. Bukeikhanov creates a national political party "Alash", the ideological prerequisites of which were laid by the newspaper "Kazakh", published since 1913, which he created with Akhmet Baitursynov and Mirzhakip Dulatov. He participated in the Congress of Siberian autonomists in Tomsk, where it was decided to grant autonomy to the Kazakhs as part of the Siberian Republic.

In December 1917 on the initiative of A. Bukeikhanov on the 2nd all-Kazakh Kurultai (constituent Congress) was proclaimed Alash autonomy, that is, the Autonomous state of the Kazakhs. The Supreme authority was the Provisional people's Council, which was given the name "Alash-Orda", and its Chairman (President) — A. Bukeikhanov. In the autumn of 1918, along with by V. and A. Tanachev by Turlybaev on behalf of the Alash-Orda was negotiating with the government of Kolchak.

In the civil war A. Bukeikhanov and members of "Alash" were on "the other side" along with Siberian governors until almost the end of 1919, when they were alone with strengthened their positions by the new government. The activists of Alash-Orda had to go to the only acceptable, albeit an extremely difficult decision to enter into an agreement with ideological and political opponents in exchange for a declaratory promise of preserving national autonomy. Bukeikhanov was forced in these conditions to abandon active political and public activities. He considered illegal action of Lenin and Bolsheviks on armed seizure of power. With her condemnation, he spoke in the article "All-Siberian Congress", published in 1917 in the newspaper "Saryarka".

Since the idea of autonomy was not rejected by the Soviet authorities, A. N. Bukeikhanov considered it possible to work on a legal basis in the field of culture. The platform of Marxism and economic materialism, it seemed to him, gave conditions for a critical approach to national policy, and to the methods of planting socialism. But A. Bukeikhanov's activity was regarded not just as opposition and dissent, but as "counter-revolutionary struggle against the Soviet power". Made between the Bolsheviks and the "Alash-Orda" a compromise was later rejected by the Bolsheviks, and the slogan "Alash-nationalist" was the basis of repression of the Kazakh intelligentsia.

From 1922 to 1927 he was a literary employee of the Kazahk section of the Central publishing house of the peoples of the USSR in Moscow. In 1920-1930-ies three times arrested by the NKVD. On September 27, 1937, he was convicted by the VKVS for belonging to a "terrorist organization" and shot on the same day (together with Nurmakov).

Family

 * Wife (March-April 1901-1918) — Elena Yakovlevna Sevostyanova, the daughter of an old populist Jacob S. Sevostyanova, which Alikhan was known for working for the newspaper "Stepnoy Kray»
 * Daughter — Elizabeth (Zeynep) Alikhanov Married sadvokasov (1903-1971), during the war, a military doctor of the 3rd rank, major of medical service, awarded orders and medals, after the war, doctor of medical Sciences, Professor, head of the Department of sanitary statistics of the Institute of social hygiene and health organization.                                  N. A. Semashko. The first husband (since 1923) — Smagul Sadvakasov, people's Commissar of education of the Kazakh SSR; the second husband — Max Natanovich Kleinman (1891-1996), Deputy Director of the Institute of motherhood and infancy, Deputy head of the Department of health. Buried with M. N. Kleinman in the columbarium of Novodevichy cemetery (section 135, 68-3).
 * Grandson Iskander (Kenca) Smagulovich Sadvokasov (1924 — 19 Nov 1941), he volunteered to the front, went missing in the battle of D. Skirmanovo Novo-Petrovsky district of the Moscow region.
 * Son — Sergey (Oktay) Bukeikhanov (1910, Samara — 1957), engineer-geologist, collaborated with Kanysh Satpayev, author of scientific papers on copper and uranium ores, was arrested after his father, served time in Norilsk, at the beginning of the war released and appointed Director of the uranium mine at the nuclear project of the NKVD. Was married, descendants live in Moscow.


 * Bukeikhanov A. Immigrants in tarsk Urman / / Siberian questions: periodic collection.  No. 11. March 23, 1908. Tomsk.
 * Bukeikhanov A. Immigrants in tarsk Urman / / Siberian questions: periodic collection.  No. 12. March 31, 1908. Tomsk.
 * Bukeikhanov A. Kirghiz. Forms of national movement in modern States. (Ed Kastelanska), 1910.
 * Bukeykhanov A., Dulatov M., Baytursun A., Ryskulov T. Kazakh on Russians before 1917. //Society for Central Asian Studies. Reprint series. No. 5.-Oxford, 1985.
 * A. Bukeikhanova Shygarmalary — Almaty: Zhalyn, 1994.
 * A. Bukeikhanov. Shygarmalary. - Almaty: Kazakh encyclopedia, 1995.

In the documentary

 * Kalila Umarov. "Alash Turaly Soz" — "the word of the Alash", Kazahtelecom. 1994. Documentary
 * Kalila Umarov. "Alashorda", Kazakhfilm. 2009. Documentary about the first Kazakh national autonomy of 1917-1920.

Memory

 * Alikhan Bukeikhanov was named after the first Masonic Lodge in the history of Kazakhstan, which was opened on September 19, 2015 in Almaty. On November 12, 2016 the Lodge entered under No. 1 in the Great Lodge of Kazakhstan — the first national great lodge in the history of Kazakhstan.
 * Bokeikhanov street (surname through the letter O) is in Almaty. Previously called airfield.
 * Bokeikhanov street in Nur Sultan.
 * The monument to Alikhan Bokeikhanov in Semey was opened on September 22, 2017 in honor of the 100th anniversary of the party "Alash".

Researches
Accualy S. A. Bukeikhanov and Russian Freemasonry // Space. -1994. -№ 3.

Seitov E. A. N. Bukeikhanov as a historian and political figure: Kand. thesis. — Almaty, 1996.

Mamraeva A. K. Socio-political development of Kazakhstan in the beginning of XX century A. Bukeikhanov. — Almaty, 1998.

Mamraeva A. K. political activity and political and legal views of A. Bukeikhanov. Karaganda. Bolashak-Baspa. 1998.

State Duma of the Russian Empire, 1906-1917 : encyclopedia. Moscow : Russian political encyclopedia, 2008. P. 70. ISBN 978-5-8243-1031-3.