User:Musabaevaeenlik2002/Kazakh ornament

Kazakh ornament (lat. ornamentum — decoration) — a pattern consisting of rhythmically ordered elements peculiar to the Kazakh folk art. It is characterized by richness and variety of patterns, elegant and harmonious in pattern, compositional rhythm, color.

History
The first written mention of the Kazakh patterns and ornaments date back to the beginning of the XVI century. In ancient times, according to the ornament of the Kazakhs, it was possible to determine which genus or Zhuz belongs to the owner of the ornamented thing.

In the aesthetic culture of the Kazakh people ornament reached a wide variety of forms and took a dominant place in the late XIX century. The patterns reflected the surrounding reality: for example, if the XIX century clothing was dominated by floral ornaments, most often — tulips, after Gagarin's flight into space masters embroidered rockets and stars.

S. M. Dudin distinguishes four features of the Kazakh ornamentation: the equality of the background and pattern, the ambiguity of the motifs of both the pattern and the background, the limited color scheme of the ornament and the presence of the top and bottom in ornamental compositions.

Types of ornaments
According to the features of rhythm, of composition, of symmetry and distinguish between types of decoration: zoomorphic, geometric, natural, and cosmological:

The most common is a zoomorphic ornament. Zoomorphic patterns — nightmare mush (mutton horn), KOs mush (connected horns), tuye Taban (camel trail), etc. — decorated felt products, various household items made of leather and wood. It is found in felt products (texmet, sirmak), in weaving (baskur, Alasha, carpet), as well as in products made of leather, bone, wood, metal. In some types of products, the drawing of the element is performed in the application technique. For painting his apply red, green, brown, white, black tone.

Geometric ornamental motifs are widespread in weaving, architectural decoration (triangle, rhombus, cross, prehistoric swastika). Found in the borders of carpets, framed by the center, the field of how — felt carpets. Painted in black, blue, Burgundy, brown tones.

Plant patterns are found in embroidery and weaving (flower, leaf, escape). Freely filling the surface, such patterns do not leave the background, give the product a festive and elegant look. It is painted in yellow, orange, red, pink, Burgundy tones.

Cosmogonic signs (sun, star, Crescent) are used in carpet weaving to fill the Central part of the composition, for example, the pattern "Kainar — Rodnichok" was born in cattle breeding, experiencing a need for pastures and watering. Used blue, blue, purple.

Color and technique
Each color in the ornament has its own symbolism. For example, blue is a symbol of the sky, white — joy, happiness, yellow — knowledge, wisdom, red — fire, sun, green — youth and spring, black — earth. In the Kazakh decorative art, the eternal motif of the struggle between good and evil is represented by the unity of irreconcilable opposites. In each ornamental composition is given a picture of the cosmos, society and personality in their unity. A special place is occupied by the triangle and the elements enclosed in it. The triangle means the connection of the three worlds together. According to traditional concepts, it depicts a fish, an arrow and a bird representing the three elements — water, earth and air, and the motif of the RAM horns in the triangle represents the fourth element — fire.

The ornament is executed in various techniques: it can be carved on wood, engraved or soldered on metal, rolled or sewn into felt, embroidered on fabric or woven on a pile carpet. The same motifs can be found on the wooden front door, Shanyrak dome circle, and on jewelry. In the Yurt patterned strips fastened all the elements: wall grilles with poles, Shanyrak down Shashak Bau (braided patterned cords with tassels). Also in clothes ornamented hem, sleeves, collar, hats and shoes, in the dishes — the edges of wooden dishes, bowls, circle ladles (ozhau) and dish covers (ayak-cap). In the Kazakh language, the ornamentation is called "Oyu", which means "deepening, knocking out", and the word refers to the ancient times when the figure was knocked out in stone.

Many objects of applied nature can claim the status of a symbol of nomad art. Striking examples are: torsyk — a vessel for kumys, sewn from matte embossed leather with Horny curls on both sides, syrmak — mosaic felt carpet, the main motif of which — RAM horns. A high level of the art of carvers — swiecki. Ornament of carved bone decorated wooden items — headboards, wooden head restraints (gastic Agash), coasters (gukak) to store rolled-up carpets, felts and blankets, tops ("apex") uyks and kerege in a Yurt, as well as musical instruments. The warmest of the materials is felt, samples of which were found during the excavations of the graves of the early nomads.