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The Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act ("URA") was passed by the U.S. federal government in 1970 to ensure individuals and businesses displaced by the use of eminent domain for federal or federally-assisted projects werereimbursed for their moving and relocation-related expenses.

Constitutional rights and pre-URA programs
The Fifth Amendment's Takings clause does not provide for the compensation of relocation expenses if the government takes a citizen's property. Therefore, until 1962, citizens displaced by a federal project were guaranteed just compensation for the property taken by the government, but had no legal right or benefit for the expenses they paid to relocate.

Prior to the URA's passing, starting in 1962, the federal government acted under two separate legislative programs to handle relocation caused by urban blight renewal and federal highway expansion. In addition to these programs, several federal agencies, such as the Federal Aeronatuics Administration, had their own compensation regulations for compensating displaced individuals. However, all benefits from these programs were quite small.

To provide better benefits to displaced individuals and to make the treatment of of those individuals more uniform, Congress passed the URA in 1970 which abrogated the existing patchwork scheme of relocation assistance. In the Act, Congress declared its purpose in enacting the URA to be the establishment of: "A uniform policy for the fair and equitable treatment of persons displaced as a result of Federal and federally assisted programs in order that such persons shall not suffer disproportionate injuries as a result of programs designed for the benefit of the public as a whole."

Constitutional and legal challenges
In 1972, tenants of foreclosed properties who were not eligible for URA benefits challenged the constitutionality of the URA in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York. The Court rejected this argument and the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit affirmed the decision.

Nonetheless, the URA generated litigation due to dislocated parties' various interpretations of the Act's lanaguage. Moreover, enactment of the URA without corresponding regulations "resulted in significant differences in administration of relocation benefits by various state and federal programs." For instance, utilities and billboard/signage businesses were often required to sue in order to qualify for benefits under the URA due to the Act's ambiguous provisions.

As a result of the Act's deficiencies, in 1985, a presidential memorandum from President Ronald Reagan made changes to the Act's implementation, including the designation of the U.S. Department of Transportation as the lead agency for URA regulation promulgation purposes.

Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act of 1987
Following lengthy congressional hearings due to the URA's failings, Congress passed the Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act of 1987 which signifiantly amended the URA.

Important amendments made to the definition section by the 1987 act include:


 * Rewriting the definitions of "Federal agency" and "State agency" to address the use of eminent domain by quasi-public urban renewal corporations;
 * Rewriting (and significantly expanding) the definition for "displaced person" to address the practical effects of pre-taking announcements on areas not yet acquired by a government and/or state agency;
 * Redefining "federal financial assitance" and adding definitions for the terms "State, "displacing agency," and "utility facilities"; and
 * Liberalized the definition of "mortgage interest differential";

The Act also significantly increased the moving and related expenses covered by the URA and increased the maximum replacement housing allowance for homeowners to $22,500. It also ensured that relocation assistance payments were not consisdered income subject to taxation under the law, or considered in agency determination's of the displaced person's federal aid eligibility, other than low-income housing assistance. Finally, the Act codified the 1985 presidential memorandum.

1997 amendment and 2005 Updates
A 1997 amendment to the act amended the definition of "displaced person" under the URA to exclude "illegal aliens".

In 2005, an expansive update of URA regulations was completed by the Federal Highway Administration (which is a unit within the Department of Transprotation). The regulations further liberalized the definition of "displaced person", added a definition for "mobile home", and created a new subpart setting forth the URA's applicability to mobile home occupants displaced by a federal or federally-assisted project.

In 2012, President Barack Obama signed the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act ("MAP-21") which made further changes to the URA, specifically increasing the amount of benefits given to displacees. Using the authority given to to it in MAP-21, the U.S. Department of Transportation published a final rule in December of 2022 making further changes to its administration of the URA.

Eligibility
The Act's provisiosn only apply to displaced persons, which it defines as: (i) any person who moves from real property, or moves his personal property from real property-

(I) as a direct result of a written notice of intent to acquire or the acquisition of such real property in whole or in part for a program or project undertaken by a Federal agency or with Federal financial assistance; or

(II) on which such person is a residential tenant or conducts a small business, a farm operation, or a business defined in paragraph (7)(D), as a direct result of rehabilitation, demolition, or such other displacing activity as the lead agency may prescribe, under a program or project undertaken by a Federal agency or with Federal financial assistance in any case in which the head of the displacing agency determines that such displacement is permanent; and

(ii) solely for the purposes of sections 4622(a) and (b) and 4625 of this title, any person who moves from real property, or moves his personal property from real property-

(I) as a direct result of a written notice of intent to acquire or the acquisition of other real property, in whole or in part, on which such person conducts a business or farm operation, for a program or project undertaken by a Federal agency or with Federal financial assistance; or

(II) as a direct result of rehabilitation, demolition, or such other displacing activity as the lead agency may prescribe, of other real property on which such person conducts a business or a farm operation, under a program or project undertaken by a Federal agency or with Federal financial assistance where the head of the displacing agency determines that such displacement is permanent.

Benefits
If a person is eligible for URA benefits, they are entitled to either actual reasonable moving expenses or a moving expense allowance which is determined by theadministering agency according to schedules (created via federal regulations) which dictate the amount of benefits allowed to be distributed. The Department of Transportation manages the distrubition allowance schedules and posts notices in the Federal Register when a region distribution schedule is being changed.

A displacee “is entitled to payment of his or her actual moving and related expenses, as the Agency determines to be reasonable and necessary.” As of December 2022, the moving cost payments permitted under the URA are stated in 49 C.F.R. § 24.301. Courts determining the reasonableness of an agency's decision to reimburse moving expenses have used the "arbitrary and capricious" standard in the past.

Administration and other requirements
The URA has additional notice requirements. States have enacting statutes which allow state agencies and political subdivisions to expend URA funds.