User:Mvoogt/The Berklee Western Civ 2 Final Study Guide

Spinning Jenny- James Hargreaves comes up with an invention called �The spinning Jenny� this was a device that could spin 16 spindles of thread which was then increased and improved to 116 spindles of thread. This later was moved to hand power to powered by another source. This was created to keep up with the invention of the flying shuttle which had been invented earlier by John Kay.

Carlsbad Decrees- Issued by Prince Metternich of Austria in July 1819, these were social restrictions meant to dissolve all inter-university student associations and created university inspectors and press censors to quell the promotion of any anti-government thinking.

Luddites-Workers in Britain who responded to replacement of human labor by machines during the Industrial Revolution by attempting to destroy the machines

Rotten Boroughs-

Chartism- English movement set out to improve the conditions of the Working Class. Aimed for six parliamentary reforms; universal manhood suffrage, vote by ballot, equal electoral districts, annual parliament, payment of members, and abolition of their property qualifications.

R.T. Malthus- Wrote "An Essay on the Principle of Population", in which he noted that people are able to breed faster than food can be made. He also saw that, unless people put their own checks on sex, work, and children, nature would put those checks on population growth for it, so theoretically, we could leave everything alone, and disease and death would take care of any issues of a lack of food. He is seen as the first student of demographics.

"Iron law of Wages"- declares that wages can never rise above the minimum requisite to keep the laborer in bare existence as a laborer. Any increase in wages above this height will lead to an increase in population, and then the competition of increased numbers for employment will force wages down again to the minimum.

Putting out system- The traditional process by which textiles were produced. Noblemen would bring the raw wool to their tenants, and the women would comb, clean and spin the wool into yarn. The men would then weave it into cloth so that the noblemen could sell it.

Utilitarians- The Utilitarians were made by Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832). He said that everything had value and in everything that was in question, he asked �What is it�s utility?�

John Stuart Mill- The most influential British thinker during the mid 1800's. He wrote "On Liberty", which discusses the importance of freedom, and how early liberalist thinking presented its own dangers, such as the danger of "the tyranny of the majority", a danger which negated the importance of "laissez-faire".

Robert Owen-

Communist Manifesto- a socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1842) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views

Louis Napoleon- Charles Louis Napol�on Bonaparte was a President of France, and later, Emperor of the French. Also known as Napol�on III

Frankfurt Parliament- Met from 1848-1849 as a representation of the German people, although only two of the 600 delegates were working-class citizens; the rest were from the educated upper middle-class. It was an attempt at unifing the German states, which was largely unsuccessful. Two basic positions were established on the issue of what Germany was: 1)GROSSDEUTSCH - Germany was Austria, Prussia, and all the other little kingdoms (a impractical position by and large); or 2)KLEINDEUTSCH - Germany was all of the previously listed, sans Austria. Frederick William IV of Prussia was offered a kingship by this new parliament, but did not accept it because he thought they were too liberal, leaving him with little power if he accepted it, and didn't think the offering of a crown should come from anyone but his royal peers. Because he didn't accept the kingship, Germany is not unified by this Parliament.

Humiliation of Olmutz-

Count Cavour- An influential nobleman from Piedmont-Sardinia who wanted to his king to be king of all of Italy. With the help of France, he won control of Milan, but could not gain Venice and others that were still under Austrian rule. His rival, Giuseppe Garibaldi, who successfully rebelled against him in Sicily, wanted a republic, while Cavour, of course, wanted a constitutional monarchy. For the sake of peace, Garibaldi conceded in 1861, and the king of Piedmont became the king of all of Italy.

Schleswib-Holsteiin- Won under the military command of Otto von Bismarck in 1864 when he attacked Denmark with the help of Austria.

Franco-Prussian War-

Eduard Bernstein-

Third Republic- The third French Republic, following the end of the Franco-Prussian War.

Dreyfus Affair- Highly publicized case of the wrongful judgment and imprisonment of soldier Alfred Dreyfus for treason.

Home Rule- The power of a local government to adopt its own land-use regulations.

Piedmont- Italian kingdom whose king, largely thanks to Count Camilla Cavour, gained rule of all of Italy in 1861.

Louis Pasteur- French chemist and physician. Postulated the theory that diseases were caused by the spread of germs and devised a process through which to kill off germs in milk. Pasteur is also the credited as the discoverer of inoculation and inventor of a vaccine for smallpox.

Natural Selection- The differential survival and reproduction of organisms with genetic characteristics that enable them to better utilize environmental resources

Social Darwinism- A discredited social theory stating that the political and economic advantages in a developed society are derived from the biological advantages of its collective membership. Producing a culture that embraces the "survival of the fittest." This is based on a misunderstanding of Darwin's theories.

Friedrich Nietzsche- 19th century German philosopher.

Entente Cordiale- An agreement of mutual support signed between France and England in the late 19th Century.

Franz Ferdinand- archduke of Austria. his assassination at Sarajevo triggered the outbreak of World War I

Lusitania- The passenger ship that the Germans sank in the Atlantic by a U boat. This was when the US officially entered into the 1st World War.

Bolsheviks- Overthrew the Russian Government in the October Revolution.

Prince Metternich- Ruler of Austria who issued the Carlsbad Decrees

Charles X- Formerly the Count d'Artois who gained power after the death of Louis XVIII of France. He was very conservative, a believer in absolutism, and was forced to flee the country during the Liberal Revolution in France.

Daniel O' Connell- Irish nationalist who campaigned for the repeal of the union between Ireland and England and of all anti-Catholic legislation in the British Parliament, a largely Protestant body.

Great Reform Act of 1832- Sought to eliminate all the rotten boroughs in parliament and allowed certain non-property owners the right to vote in parliamentary elections.

"classical economists"- were very committed to laissez faire �hands off�. By the 1840s the Europeans were starting to act on this idea.

David Ricardo- Author of "Principles of Political Economy". In this, he wrote on the iron law of wages (see above)

Corn laws- British regulations on the import and export of grain, mainly wheat, intended to control its price. The laws were repealed in 1846, signaling a shift toward free trade.

poor houses- Was a place where the poverty stricken could go for shelter. However these place were not nice and were disgusting. There were meant to be like this to discourage people from letting their lives get to a point where they would need to rely on a place like a poor house.

Jeremy Bentham-

Utopian Socialism-

Friedrich Engels -

proletariat- The collective group of people who own nothing but their own labour.

James Watt- Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry

Kleindeutsch Solution-

Giuseppe Garibaldi- Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state

Otto von Bismarck- 19th century German/Prussian Chancellor of great influence, intelligence and cunning.

Seven Weeks War-

Revisionist Socialism-

Kulturkampf- The struggle for civilization: the concept was applied within Prussia/Germany to describe the struggle between regions and religions and cultures vying for the 'perfect' state

Georges Boulanger- was a French general and reactionary politician

Emmeline Pankhurst- A radical leader of the Women's Suffrage Movement in England. She and her two daughters started a movement of violent vandalism and protest. When arrested, Pankhurst and her followers would go on hunger strikes and have to be force-fed. This got the movement a lot of press, leaving people appalled at the arrests of these educated, decent, civilized women, but also leaving people thinking the women were crazy.

Duma- A Russian parliament reinstituted by Nicholas II. It had little power in reality.

October Mainfesto- The Manifesto pledged to grant certain concessions to the Russian people, including freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and freedom of association; a bicameral system of government; broad participation in the Duma; and a decree that no law should come into force without the consent of the state Duma

Charles Darwin- British naturalist, most well known for his travels on the Beagle and his Origin of Species through Natural Selection.

T.H. Huxley-

Herbert Spencer- English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies

Sigmund Freud- Austrian founder of psychoanalysis.

Cecil Rhodes- British colonial financier and statesman in South Africa; made a fortune in gold and diamond mining; helped colonize the territory now known as Zimbabwe

"Blank Check"- Was the German support of the Austrians right before the outbreak of WWI

Fourteen Points- A U.S. proposal after WWI so that the war could come to a close and some resolution could be found. It turned out the 14 points were not used as much as the current US president would have liked them to because the European countries felt much more animosity toward Germany because there loss was much greater than the US's.

October Revolution- The Russian Gov. is overthrown by the bolsheviks