User:Mwkimiko1224/sandbox

Black Women in Education
Within the educational system, women of color are distinctly treated differently based on their race and gender. Black women, in secondary education, experience everyday stressors along with additional stressors of racism and sexism; which is incomparable to any other student group. Double oppression has a definitive meaning of prolonged persecution because of someones multiple identities, which accurately describes black women as a result of White and Black men as well as White women. Black women who are struggling are either seen as on the edge or resilient for getting past their educational set backs. With that being said, this does not mean that there hasn't been progression. Since the 1970's there has been a steadily increasing rate in the graduation of Black women; undergraduates and graduates, at the time being the highest within all communities of color. Black girls and women achievements are ignored despite their extraordinary accomplishments. There is a large gender and race gap within schools. Black women do better in school then black men, however, women are treated worse and not recognized for their academic successes.

Literature on gender, race, and education exclude the experiences of Black women leaving them to feel transparent. When they are discussed in these literatures they are often misrepresented. Either represented as mischievous and poor or overachievers. These misrepresentations are portrayed in classroom settings. In the educational system women of color specifically Black women or girls are expected to take on the social caring role. Opposed to their peers who are encouraged to take academic and leadership roles. This makes it hard for Black women to succeed academically when they do not receive equal encouragement to strive to be their best. Teachers build expectations for student Black or White based off their race, ethnicity, gender, and etc. Teachers can and will act on these expectations. When faulty within schools use subtle hints that reflect their expectations it negatively impacts their academic growth. Stereotypes that target people of color are considered mainstream. Since these stereotypes are so common black students are aware and become hyper focused on not confirming the stereotypes and soon begin to question if they belong in the academic setting.

Stereotype threat of African Americans is similar to test anxiety except students are afraid of confirming these societal stereotypes so they have a worse test performance. This threat interferes with the students academic success, which overtime pressures them to disconnect from the academic setting. Anxiety and "disidentification" are two ways that stereotype threat cripples African Americans academic achievement. Black students who receive the same score Scholastic aptitude test (SAT) as white students have insufficient overall achievement. Even though these students could have the same preparation and learning environment there is still underachievement of Black students,which relays back to stereotype threat. Although, according to research done by Katz and his colleagues Black students performed better on an IQ test if students believed the test wasn't gauged or being compared to Black students instead of White. Stereotype threat is a phenomenon that is easier to change than poverty.

Sources:

-     Aronson, J. “Stereotype Threat: Contending and Coping with Unnerving Expectations.” InImproving Academic Achievement: Impact of Psychological Factors on Education, edited by J. Aronson, 279–301. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2002.

- Bartman, C. C. (2015). African American women in higher education: Issues and support strategies. College Student Affairs Leadership, 2(2), 5.

-      Buchmann, C., DiPrete, T. A., & McDaniel, A. (2008). Gender inequalities in education. ''Annu. Rev. Sociol, 34'', 319-337.

-      DeJaeghere, J., & Vavrus, F. (2011). Educational formations: Gendered experiences of schooling in local contexts. Feminist Formations, 23(3), 10-VII,VIII,IX,X,XI,XII,XIII,XIV,XV,XVI. Retrieved from https://ezproxy.plu.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.plu.edu/docview/917429368?accountid=2130

-      Kastberg, S. (2000). The Meaning of a Silence: Class and Gender Discrimination in Education. Women's Studies Quarterly, 28(3/4), 97-105. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/40005476

-      Kimmel, M. (2006, Fall). A war against boys? Dissent, 53, 65-70. doi: http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.plu.edu/10.1353/dss.2006.0002 Retrieved from https://ezproxy.plu.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.plu.edu/docview/227265533?accountid=2130

-      Nora, L. M., McLaughlin, M. A., Fosson, S. E., Stratton, T. D., Murphy-Spencer, A., Fincher, R. M. E., ... & Witzke, D. B. (2002). Gender discrimination and sexual harassment in medical education: perspectives gained by a 14-school study. Academic medicine, 77(12), 1226-1234.

-      Tabbye Chavous, & Courtney D. Cogburn. (2007). Superinvisible Women: Black Girls and Women in Education. Black Women, Gender Families, 1(2), 24-51. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/blacwomegendfami.1.2.0024

Article Evaluation: Sex Differences in Education

-Article Content: The information in this article is very relevant. It discusses what sex differences in education is, the issues with it, and the consequences of sex discrimination within education. There is not anything out of date, but may be some possible resolutions or attempts at resolutions for this problem. This article also needs more sources and/or citations.

-Article Tone: This article is very clear and easy to understand. The article is not neutral. According to editors not all people agree with the views and facts that are being represented. This article is very one-sided.

-Article Sources: There are over 50 references. I tried looking at a few of the citations and they do work. Not all facts are referenced with an appropriate source. The sources I looked at seem to be neutral. More citations need to be added.

-Talk Page: People are talking about how citations are missing and need to be added. Also, how one-sided the article is and discussing ways on resolving this problem. One person suggested rewriting the whole article, it didn't seem like many people agreed with that strategy. It is not a part of Wikiprojects, but is of interest to it.