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Encyclopedia Entry Patric Spence Mychal Prater University of Southern Mississippi 04/28/15

Introduction This encyclopedia entry on Patric Spence is designed to shed light or give information on his life as far as his biography specifically to risk/ crisis communication, explain Dr. Spence major contributions, like, concepts and theories, and provide an annotated Bibliography of his three most important publications. This paper will flow in the direction of giving his biography and a few extra details. Secondly, his contributions such as concepts and theories to crisis/risk communication. Thirdly I will provide three annotated bibliography of his most important publications in his career thus far.

Biography of Patric Spence

Patric R. Spence works as a assistant professor at the School of Communication at Western Michigan University and is involved with The University of Massachusetts, Boston as a the (CRSCD) Center for Rebuilding Sustainable Communities after Disasters. Patric Spence focuses research on crisis and risk communication, examining audience perceptions of risk and emergency messages produced by emergency management organizations, government and news agencies. To achieve this task he looks at how these messages motivate various publics to take action in light of perceived threats during the lifecycle of a crisis (umb.edu). Patric Spence also indulgences in other research were he examines how the physical and psychological needs of underserved populations are handled in the context of public health events and disasters, industry response and the role of new media in disaster preparation, response and recovery (umb.edu). In addition, to that Patric Spence has written widely on the issues of race and class surrounding Hurricane Katrina and issues of gender and information seeking in disasters. As a result, of writing on the issues surrounding Hurricane Katrina, his research was cited in the National Consensus Statement on Integrating Racially and Ethnically Diverse Communities into Public Health Emergency Preparedness (umb.edu). His article/journal was released by the Office of Minority Health, in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Even with all the things Dr. Spence is involved in, he still has a hand in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, were he helps orchestrate ways for the CDCP to handle crisis when they arise and avoid crisis that may try to arise. (umb.edu)

Contributions to the field of Crisis/Risk Communication One of Patric Spence major contribution to the field of Crisis/Risk Communication is his article/theory on “Crisis Communication, Race, and Natural Disasters” this article was published in the Journal of Black Studies by Sage Publications. This article on, “Crisis Communication, Race, and Natural Disasters” focuses on the study that compares differences in crisis preparation, information seeking patterns, and media use on the basis of race in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. In the article, Patric Spence collected surveys from 935 Katrina evacuees relocated in different areas of the United States. The results indicated differences in crisis preparation and information seeking on the basis of race. The results also demonstrate a continued need to create messages encouraging crisis preparation, especially among at-risk subpopulations (jbs.sagepub.com) Another study or well-known contribution to the field of Crisis Communication is his published work on “Gender and Age Effects on Information-seeking after 9/11.” This study showed that more females relied on television, radio, and the news to supply them with adequate information on what happened during the terrorist attack. However, men used the internet to supply them with the information needed to clarify or become up-to-date with what has happened in New York City. These studies were done in three different geographical region in the US between two to five days after the terrorist attack had occurred. (tandfonline.com).

Annotated Bibliography

Spence, P. (2007, February 3). Gender and Age Effects on Information-Seeking after 9/11. Retrieved March 30, 2015, from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08824090600796435#.VRmv1uHlStQ This study investigated the relationship between gender, age and information-seeking behavior after the terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001, drawing on uncertainty reduction and placing the study in the framework of a crisis event. Surveys were collected from 1329 respondents from three different geographic regions in the United States between two and five days after the terrorist attacks. Results indicated that females regarded television and radio as more useful than males, while males reported the Internet as a more useful source of information. Differences for age were also found for use of print media and the Internet. Spence, P., Lachlan, K., & Griffin, D. (2013, January 1). Crisis Communication, Race, and Natural Disasters. Retrieved March 30, 2015, from http://jbs.sagepub.com/content/37/4/539.short This study compares differences in crisis preparation, information-seeking patterns, and media use on the basis of race in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. Surveys are collected from 935 Katrina evacuees relocated in different areas of the United States. Results indicate differences in crisis preparation and information seeking on the basis of race. Results also demonstrate a continued need to create messages encouraging crisis preparation, especially among at-risk subpopulations. Spence, P., Lachlan, K., Burke, J., & Seeger, M. (2007, May 1). Project MUSE - Media Use and Information Needs of the Disabled During a Natural Disaster. Retrieved March 30, 2015, from http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/hpu/summary/v018/18.2spence.html This study examined differences in evacuation, crisis preparation, information-seeking patterns, and media use among the communities of disabled and non-disabled evacuees in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. Surveys were collected from 554 Katrina evacuees temporarily relocated in different areas of the United States. Results indicate differences in crisis preparation and evacuation plans, with disabled sub-populations being more likely to prepare emergency supplies but less likely to have an evacuation plan. Differences between the disabled and non-disabled sub-populations also existed in information-seeking habits. Media use was similar between disabled and non-disabled respondents.

Work Cited Page

(n.d.). Retrieved April 21, 2015, from http://www.umb.edu/crscad/about/bios/patric_r._spence Spence, P. (2007, February 3). Gender and Age Effects on Information-Seeking after 9/11. Retrieved March 30, 2015, from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08824090600796435#.VRmv1uHlStQ Spence, P., Lachlan, K., & Griffin, D. (2013, January 1). Crisis Communication, Race, and Natural Disasters. Retrieved March 30, 2015, from http://jbs.sagepub.com/content/37/4/539.short Spence, P., Lachlan, K., Burke, J., & Seeger, M. (2007, May 1). Project MUSE - Media Use and Information Needs of the Disabled During a Natural Disaster. Retrieved March 30, 2015, from http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/hpu/summary/v018/18.2spence.html