User:NKopp14/sandbox

General Info: NKopp14

User:NKopp14/Conditional gene knockout/Jacksonal1 Peer Review

The goal of KOMP is to create knockout mutations in the embryonic stem cells for each of the 20,000 protein coding genes in mice. The genes are knocked out because this is the best way to study their function and learn more about their role in human diseases. Conditional gene knockouts in mice are often used to study human diseases because many genes produce similar phenotypes in both species. '''(Insert #1) The two main knockout methods are conventional and conditional. In conventional knockout the targeted gene is eliminated at no specific given time. In conditional knockout, the new advanced method, allows the ability to eliminate the targeted gene at a specific time and place. There are two main strategies to conditional gene knockout and those are gene targeting and gene trapping. Both methods usually have a modified viral vector or a linear fragment as the mode of transportation of the artificial DNA into the target ES cell. The cells then grow in a petri dish for several days and are inserted into the early-stage embryos. Lastly, the embryos are placed into the adult female’s uterus where it can grow into its offspring.[9]''' Some alleles in this project cannot be knocked out using traditional methods and require the specificity of the conditional gene knockout technique. Other combinatorial methods are needed to knockout the last remaining alleles. Conditional gene knockout is a time-consuming procedure and there are additional projects focusing on knocking out the remaining mouse genes. '''(Insert #2) The KOMP Repository provides incentives to those partaking in the projects to return feedback to them and those who meet specific criteria can be refunded 50% of the cost of their research cells.[10] (Insert #3) For the past 100 years laboratory mouse genetics have been used for this because mice are mammals that are physiologically similar enough to humans to generate qualitative testing. Their genes are very alike those of humans having similarities between 99% of homologs and produce similar phenotypes. This makes them very promising candidates for conditional gene knockouts.[8] (Insert #4)The KOMP project contributor, Oliver Smithies, arguably provided the biggest scientific impact on this gene targeting and won a Nobel Prize for his contributions to this work. Unfortunately, the pioneer in gene targeting died at the age of 91 on January 10th, 2017.[11]''' The KOMP projected was started in 2006 and is still ongoing today.
 * 1) Is it obvious to you which sections of the article have been revised? Is the new content relevant to the topic? Yes, the sections for this article have been bolded and denoted with (Insert#) to show exactly where the edit began and ended. The content that has been added is relevant to the topic and provides a nice summary of additional information about the subject.
 * 2) What does the article do well? Is there anything from your review that impressed you? Any particular information that you found especially informative. The article does a good job of explaining the different topics within the paragraph, which makes it easy to read and follow.The explanation of the different knockout methods and how they were explained helped me as a reader gain knowledge about the material in a very readable way. I was impressed by the background knowledge on laboratory mice genetics and about the pioneer of gene targeting. The information in (Insert#2) was very informative, providing information about statistics and how similar mice are to humans.
 * 3) What overall adjustments do you suggest the author apply to the article? Why would those changes be an improvement? What's the most important thing the author could do to improve the article? With this article, I would add more background information about the similarities between mice and humans with genetic testing to inform the reader why they are used in genetic testing experiments. Maybe some information about specific diseases or vaccine usage that directly correlated to successful human treatment. I suggest this edit because some readers may have significant bias towards using animals for our human gain in science. Adding this material could bridge the gap between the topic and the reader to show how important it is to utilize these practices for the well being of all. The most important thing you can do to improve this article is add more relevant data mice genetic testing and interesting excerpts about it to engage the reader.
 * 4) Did you notice anything about the article you reviewed that could be applicable to your own article? Let them know. Yes, I noticed some things that could be used for my article pertaining to sex limited genes. I could use the information about the knockout methods.
 * 5) Is all new content backed up by a reliable source of information? Yes, this article is back up by reliable sources.
 * 6) Are the sources fairly current (> 2015)? Check a few links. Do they work? Yes, overall the sources are current and reliable and the links do work for this article.
 * 7) Summarize any typographical/grammatical errors that you found. This paragraph summary is very well written and there are no apparent grammatical errors discovered.
 * 8) Student authors are responsible for all images on their page (even if not part of their revised subsection). Double check the original page to make sure images are acceptable and clearly described. See associated tutorial to review Wiki image requirements. Summarize your findings. There are no images.
 * 9) Identify at least one additional reference that you think may contribute to the article. Explain why you think this article would benefit from the new information. Be sure to provide the reference in your write-up. Wu M, Liu S, Gao Y, et al. Conditional gene knockout and reconstitution in human iPSCs with an inducible Cas9 system. Stem Cell Res. 2018;29:6–14. doi:10.1016/j.scr.2018.03.003 || This article provides information about precise genome editing in iPSCs. Specifically, with drug testing, screening, and huma biology. This article would benefit by adding this because it provides good information about genome editing practices with specific genes, which will provide a more of a laboratory perspective on how the gene knockout is utilized.