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'''The principle behind this phenomenon is that people create consequences regarding people or events, based on previous knowledge of the subject. A self-fulfilling prophecy is applicable to either negative or positive outcomes.'''It can be concluded that establishing a label towards someone or something significantly impacts their perception and influences them to establish self-fulfilling prophecy. Our interpersonal communication plays a significant role in establishing these phenomenon as well as impacting the labeling process. Intrapersonal communication can have both positive and negative effects, dependent on the nature of the self-fulfilling prophecy that a person has on a self-fulfilling prophecy, this will impact their outcome when dealing with self-fulfilling prophecies. '''American sociologist W. I. Thomas was the first to discover this phenomenon. In 1928 he developed the Thomas theorem (also known as the Thomas dictum), stating that'''

'''In other words, the consequence will come to fruition based on how one interprets the situation. Using Thomas' idea, another American sociologist, Robert K. Merton, coined the term "self-fulfilling prophecy", popularizing the idea that “a belief or expectation, correct or incorrect, could bring about a desired or expected outcome.”[1]'''

(Add into History section)

Robert K. Merton is a sociologist who was also known as the “father of sociology.” He helped create many different theories such as aniome, social structure as well as the different modes of individual adaption. Merton was deeply passionate and interested in the sociology of science, during his time at Columbia University he was able to research and discover many different concepts such as “social structure, bureaucracy, mass communication, and the sociology of science.” He established what his theory was and he would then start testing it right away without developing the concept. Merton would not worry about developing the theory because he was never looking for a “grand” theory, he was looking for a “practical” theory.

'''Merton applied this concept to a fictional situation. In his book Social Theory and Social Structure, he uses the example of a bank run to show how self-fulfilling thoughts can make unwanted situations happen. He mentions how a number of people falsely believe the bank was going to file for bankruptcy.'''

These factors make them actually become the best players, fulfilling the prophecy, while the real selection criterion was age.[15] The same relative age effect has been noticed in Belgian soccer after 1997, when the start of the selection year was changed from August 1 to January 1.

In 2008, researchers published a study on how the self-fulfilling prophecy impacted coaching. The study was based on college basketball players and their coaches. Using the CBAS and CDAS (Coaching Behavior Assessment System and Cole’s Descriptive Analysis System) the researchers analyzed the basketball players and coaches. They also used a questionnaire to gather data from the college basketball players. The main component that was analyzed in this study are the feedback that the coaches gave and how the players perceived that feedback. Based on the results of the study, researchers determined that that head coaches gave more biased feedback while assistant coaches gave more critical feedback. This was due to the fact that when the head coaches gave players “feedback” it caused the players to make more mistakes when compared to assistant coaches. Also, researchers found that athletes that were expected to do good often had a really positive perception of their coaches while college basketball players that weren’t expected to do as good often viewed their coaches more negatively.

Researcher Helen Brown published findings of two experiments performed on athletes in regard to the effect that the media has on them. In the first experiment, the athletes were labeled and categorized. During the experiment the media reporter stated their expectations for the athlete, which would either be good, bad, or a neutral outlook. As a result, from this first experiment, it was concluded that the athlete’s performance was impacted in both a good way and a bad way when they heard what the media’s perception and outlook of their performance was. Experiment two took place in 2012 in London. The difference between experiment two and experiment one is that it happened face to face. The key components being studied in the athletes were their thought process as well as their responses to these expectations that the media was making about them. As a result from the second experiment performed, it was concluded that the media does impact athletes, it impacts their judgement, their thought process and it can even have a dangerous and destructive impact on some athletes. This shows that the self-fulfilling prophecy was fulfilled because when the athlete and the media reporter came face to face and the media reporter began stating their expectations that they expect the athlete to fulfill they were able to “influence the athlete’s cognition.”

'''In literature, self-fulfilling prophecies are often used as plot devices. They have been used in stories for millennia, but have gained a lot of popularity recently in the science fiction genre.'''

Greek

The events come about, nevertheless, as a result of the actions taken to prevent them: frequently child abandonment sets the chain of events in motion.

In Greek literature a “prophete” is defined as “one who speaks for another.”

The best-known example from Greek legend is that of Oedipus.

Hinduism

In the 14th century, a version of this tale also appears in the Gesta Romanorum and Giovanni Boccaccio's The Decameron.

The prophets involved in this religion are considered to be very superior, they have the highest ranking on the class system that one could have, and religious temples or shrines are built in their honor. It is believed in the Hindu religion that the prophets can foretell the future due to what they are experiencing in the “present” time. Many of these prophets are seen to act as “saviors” and “restore justice to the world.” Self-fulfilling prophecies appear in classical Sanskrit literature