User:NUBioStudent/sandbox

Cambarus is a large and diverse genus of North American crayfish. The adults range in size from about 5 cm (2 in) up to approximately 15 cm.

Description
The genus Cambarus is the second largest freshwater crayfish genus inhabiting the Northern Hemisphere, with only sixty fewer species than the genus Procambarus. Though Cambarus are varied across species, the two terminal elements that make up the male form I gonopod form ninety degree angles with the central appendage, allowing for their identification. Unlike the genus Procambarus whose first pleopod tends to have three processes at the tip, Cambarus has only one or two. Cambarus reach 17-26 mm carapace lengths in their first year, while average adult carapace length ranges from 55-62 mm.

As a genus containing nearly 100 species, Cambarus's coloration is variable. Cambarus bartonii is dark brown, while species like Cambarus pauleyi range from subtle to vibrant blues and reds.

Biogeography
Most species of Cambarus are distributed along North America's eastern coast, extending from New Brunswick to northern Florida. However, the genus extends as far westward as the Rocky Mountains of Wyoming and Colorado, inhabiting a variety of freshwater environments. Devil crayfish (Cambarus diogenes) are perhaps the most widespread species in the genus, having been found in thirty states spanning approximately 2 million kilometers. Though, most species of Cambarus are not so widely distributed.

Habitat
Cambarus occupy a range of freshwater environments including streams, rivers, lakes, and burrows. Burrowing species of the genus include Cambarus dubius. Cambarus also include many cave-dwelling species, both troglobites and troglophiles. While salinity and temperature changes minimally affect Cambarus, the genus has shown an intolerance to anthropogenic pollution.

Diet
Like other crayfish, Cambarus are foragers. Diets are largely plant-based, though Cambarus also consume small marine organisms like molluscs, larvae, tadpoles and amphibian eggs. Cambarus also consume small rodents or birds when available. In their first year, Cambarus typically consume 1-4% of their overall body-weight each day. The genus is central to many freshwater food webs as they help maintain water quality through consumption of algae.

Vulnerability
One of the largest crayfish genera, Cambarus includes a sizable number of vulnerable species. Cave-dwellers like Cambarus jonesi are at risk due to their lack of genetic diversity and low population count. Other species like Cambarus veteranus are at risk due to human practices like logging and mining, which increase sediment amounts in freshwater environments.

Growth
Moulting occurs among Cambarus approximately 5-10 times during their first year, and 3-5 times during subsequent years. Cambarus remain relatively inactive during periods of moulting, as the shedding of chitin exoskeletons leaves them more vulnerable to predation and injury.

Reproduction
Cambarus typically mate in the early spring. Both Cambarus batonii and Cambarus robustus only mate once during their three year life span, with females of both carrying fewer eggs than those of the Orconectes genus.

Classification
The genus Cambarus contains around 100 species, divided among 12 subgenera, many of which are listed on the IUCN Red List:
 * Subgenus Aviticambarus Hobbs, 1969
 * Cambarus hamulatus (Cope, 1881) Status iucn LC icon.svg
 * Cambarus jonesi Hobbs & Barr, 1960 Status iucn LC icon.svg – Alabama cave crayfish
 * Cambarus laconensis Buhay & Crandall, 2009 Status iucn CR icon.svg
 * Cambarus pecki (Hobbs, 1967) Status iucn EN icon.svg
 * Cambarus speleocoopi Buhay & Crandall, 2009 Status iucn EN icon.svg
 * Cambarus veitchorum J. E. Cooper & M. R. Cooper, 1997 Status iucn CR icon.svg – White Spring cave crayfish


 * Subgenus Cambarus Erichson, 1846
 * Cambarus angularis Hobbs & R. W. Bouchard, 1994 Status iucn NT icon.svg
 * Cambarus bartonii (Fabricius, 1798) Status iucn LC icon.svg – Appalachian brook crayfish
 * Cambarus carinirostris Hay, 1914 Status iucn LC icon.svg – rock crawfish
 * Cambarus davidi J. E. Cooper, 2000 Status iucn LC icon.svg – Carolina ladle crayfish
 * Cambarus eeseeohensis Thoma, 2005 Status iucn VU icon.svg
 * Cambarus howardi Hobbs & Hall, 1969 Status iucn LC icon.svg – Chattahoochee crayfish
 * Cambarus lenati J. E. Cooper, 2000 Status iucn NT icon.svg – Broad River crayfish
 * Cambarus ortmanni Williamson, 1907 Status iucn LC icon.svg – Ortmann mudbug
 * Cambarus sciotensis Rhoades, 1944 Status iucn LC icon.svg – Teays River crayfish


 * Subgenus Depressicambarus Hobbs, 1969
 * Cambarus catagius Hobbs & Perkins, 1967 Status iucn DD icon.svg – Greensboro burrowing crayfish
 * Cambarus cymatilis Hobbs, 1970 Status iucn EN icon.svg
 * Cambarus deweesae R. W. Bouchard & Etnier, 1979 Status iucn LC icon.svg – valley flame crayfish
 * Cambarus doughertyensis Cooper & Skelton, 2003 Status iucn DD icon.svg
 * Cambarus englishi Hobbs & Hall, 1972 Status iucn LC icon.svg
 * Cambarus graysoni Faxon, 1914 Status iucn LC icon.svg – two-spot crayfish
 * Cambarus halli Hobbs, 1968 Status iucn LC icon.svg
 * Cambarus harti Hobbs, 1981 Status iucn EN icon.svg – piedmont blue burrower
 * Cambarus latimanus (Le Conte, 1856) Status iucn LC icon.svg
 * Cambarus obstipus Hall, 1959 Status iucn LC icon.svg
 * Cambarus pyronotus R. W. Bouchard, 1978 Status iucn DD icon.svg – fireback crayfish
 * Cambarus reduncus Hobbs, 1956 Status iucn LC icon.svg
 * Cambarus reflexus Hobbs, 1981 Status iucn LC icon.svg
 * Cambarus sphenoides Hobbs, 1968 Status iucn LC icon.svg
 * Cambarus striatus Hay, 1902 Status iucn LC icon.svg – Hay crayfish
 * Cambarus strigosus Hobbs, 1981 Status iucn DD icon.svg
 * Cambarus truncatus Hobbs, 1981 Status iucn LC icon.svg – Oconee burrowing crayfish


 * Subgenus Erebicambarus Hobbs, 1969
 * Cambarus hubbsi Creaser, 1931 Status iucn LC icon.svg
 * Cambarus hubrichti Hobbs, 1952 Status iucn DD icon.svg – Salem cave crayfish
 * Cambarus maculatus Hobbs & Pflieger, 1988 Status iucn LC icon.svg – freckled crayfish
 * Cambarus ornatus Rhoades, 1944
 * Cambarus rusticiformis Rhoades, 1944 Status iucn LC icon.svg – Depression crayfish
 * Cambarus tenebrosus Hay, 1902 Status iucn LC icon.svg – cavespring crayfish


 * Subgenus Exilicambarus Bouchard & Hobbs, 1976
 * Cambarus cracens R. W. Bouchard & Hobbs, 1976 Status iucn EN icon.svg


 * Subgenus Glareocola Bouchard & Bouchard, 1995
 * Cambarus brachydactylus Hobbs, 1953 Status iucn LC icon.svg
 * Cambarus friaufi Hobbs, 1953 Status iucn LC icon.svg – hairy crayfish
 * Cambarus williami R. W. Bouchard & J. W. Bouchard, 1995 Status iucn NT icon.svg – Brawleys Fork crayfish


 * Subgenus Hiaticambarus Hobbs, 1969
 * Cambarus chasmodactylus James, 1966 Status iucn LC icon.svg – New River crayfish
 * Cambarus coosawattae Hobbs, 1981 Status iucn NT icon.svg – Coosawattae crayfish
 * Cambarus elkensis Jezerinac & Stocker, 1993 Status iucn VU icon.svg – Elk River crayfish
 * Cambarus fasciatus Hobbs, 1981 Status iucn DD icon.svg – Etowah crayfish
 * Cambarus girardianus Faxon, 1884 Status iucn LC icon.svg
 * Cambarus longirostris Faxon, 1885 Status iucn LC icon.svg
 * Cambarus longulus Girard, 1852 Status iucn LC icon.svg
 * Cambarus manningi Hobbs, 1981 Status iucn LC icon.svg
 * Cambarus speciosus Hobbs, 1981 Status iucn NT icon.svg


 * Subgenus Jugicambarus Hobbs, 1969
 * Cambarus aculabrum Hobbs & Brown, 1987 Status iucn CR icon.svg – Benton County cave crayfish, cave crayfish
 * Cambarus asperimanus Faxon, 1914 Status iucn LC icon.svg
 * Cambarus batchi Schuster, 1973 Status iucn LC icon.svg – bluegrass crayfish
 * Cambarus bouchardi Hobbs, 1970 Status iucn VU icon.svg – Big South Fork crayfish
 * Cambarus carolinus (Erichson, 1846) Status iucn LC icon.svg
 * Cambarus causeyi Reimer, 1966 Status iucn LC icon.svg
 * Cambarus clivosus Taylor, Soucek & Organ, 2006 Status iucn VU icon.svg
 * Cambarus conasaugaensis Hobbs & Hobbs III, 1962 Status iucn DD icon.svg
 * Cambarus crinipes R. W. Bouchard, 1973 Status iucn LC icon.svg
 * Cambarus cryptodytes Hobbs, 1941 Status iucn LC icon.svg – Dougherty Plain cave crayfish
 * Cambarus distans Rhoades, 1944 Status iucn LC icon.svg – boxclaw crawfish
 * Cambarus dubius Faxon, 1884 Status iucn LC icon.svg – upland burrowing crayfish
 * Cambarus gentryi Hobbs, 1970 Status iucn LC icon.svg
 * Cambarus jezerinaci Thoma, 2000 Status iucn DD icon.svg
 * Cambarus monongalensis Ortmann, 1905 Status iucn LC icon.svg
 * Cambarus nodosus R. W. Bouchard & Hobbs, 1976 Status iucn LC icon.svg
 * Cambarus obeyensis Hobbs & Shoup, 1947 Status iucn CR icon.svg – Obey crayfish
 * Cambarus parvoculus Hobbs & Shoup, 1947 Status iucn LC icon.svg – mountain midget crayfish
 * Cambarus setosus Faxon, 1889 Status iucn NT icon.svg – bristly cave crayfish
 * Cambarus subterraneus Hobbs III, 1993 Status iucn CR icon.svg – Delaware County cave crayfish
 * Cambarus tartarus Hobbs & M. R. Cooper, 1972 Status iucn CR icon.svg – Oklahoma cave crayfish
 * Cambarus tuckasegee Cooper & Schofield, 2002 Status iucn NT icon.svg
 * Cambarus unestami Hobbs & Hall, 1969 Status iucn LC icon.svg
 * Cambarus zophonastes Hobbs & Bedinger, 1964 Status iucn CR icon.svg – cave crayfish, Hell Creek cave crayfish


 * Subgenus Lacunicambarus Hobbs, 1969
 * Cambarus diogenes Girard, 1852 Status iucn LC icon.svg – devil crawfish, devil crayfish
 * Cambarus ludovicianus Faxon, 1884 Status iucn LC icon.svg – painted devil crayfish
 * Cambarus miltus Fitzpatrick, 1978 Status iucn LC icon.svg – rusty grave digger


 * Subgenus Puncticambarus Hobbs, 1969
 * Cambarus acuminatus Faxon, 1884 Status iucn LC icon.svg
 * Cambarus brimleyorum Cooper, 2006 Status iucn DD icon.svg
 * Cambarus buntingi R. W. Bouchard, 1973 Status iucn LC icon.svg – Bunting crayfish
 * Cambarus callainus Thoma, Loughman & Fetzner, 2014
 * Cambarus chaugaensis Prins & Hobbs, 1972 Status iucn LC icon.svg – Chauga crayfish
 * Cambarus coosae Hobbs, 1981 Status iucn LC icon.svg
 * Cambarus cumberlandensis Hobbs & R. W. Bouchard, 1973 Status iucn LC icon.svg – Cumberland crayfish
 * Cambarus extraneus Hagen, 1870 Status iucn DD icon.svg – Chickamauga crayfish
 * Cambarus georgiae Hobbs, 1981 Status iucn LC icon.svg – Little Tennessee crayfish
 * Cambarus hiwasseensis Hobbs, 1981 Status iucn LC icon.svg – Hiwassee crayfish
 * Cambarus hobbsorum J. E. Cooper, 2001 Status iucn LC icon.svg – Rocky River crayfish
 * Cambarus hystricosus Cooper & Cooper, 2003 Status iucn LC icon.svg
 * Cambarus johni Cooper, 2006 Status iucn LC icon.svg
 * Cambarus nerterius Hobbs, 1964 Status iucn NT icon.svg – Greenbrier cave crayfish
 * Cambarus parrishi Hobbs, 1981 Status iucn DD icon.svg – Hiwassee headwater crayfish
 * Cambarus reburrus Prins, 1968 Status iucn LC icon.svg – French Broad crayfish
 * Cambarus robustus Girard, 1852 Status iucn LC icon.svg – big water crayfish
 * Cambarus scotti Hobbs, 1981 Status iucn LC icon.svg – Chatooga crayfish
 * Cambarus smilax Loughman, Simon, and Welch, 2011 Status iucn LC icon.svg – Greenbrier crayfish
 * Cambarus spicatus Hobbs, 1956 Status iucn DD icon.svg
 * Cambarus veteranus Faxon, 1914 Status iucn DD icon.svg – Big Sandy crayfish


 * Subgenus Tubericambarus Jezerinac, 1993
 * Cambarus acanthura Hobbs, 1981 Status iucn LC icon.svg
 * Cambarus polychromatus Thoma, Jezerinac & Simon, 2005 Status iucn LC icon.svg
 * Cambarus thomai Jezerinac, 1993 Status iucn LC icon.svg – little brown mudbug


 * Subgenus Veticambarus Hobbs, 1969
 * Cambarus pristinus Hobbs, 1965 Status iucn DD icon.svg – pristine crayfish