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Phase Two

Phase 2 Citation: Jayne, A. (1998). Jefferson's Declaration of Independence Origins, Philosophy, and Theology.

Phase 2 Quote: "This ideology of God given equal rights was used in the Declaration as a leveler: by exalting the status of each man to one equal to that of any other, it tamed those who, as a result of deeming themselves superior beings, claimed authority over the common man."

Phase 2 ISBN: ISBN : 0-8131-9003-7

Phase Three and Four

Phase 3 Citation 1: David Armitage. (2002). The Declaration of Independence and International Law. The William and Mary Quarterly, 59(1), 39-64.

Phase 3 Citation Description 1: This article discusses that the United States Declaration of Independence was built on the appeal of the “Laws of Nature”, when it was written it considered “God's Nature” to be the dictator of what these laws were believed to be. In the Wikipedia article natural and legal rights are discussed, but there are sections where it should be described that the people that wrote this document used what they believe to be “God's nature” to create these natural and legal rights.

Phase 4 Paragraph 1: "None of the commentators who compiled that narrative argued that the transition until the abrupt and exclusive substitution of positive internal law in place of the law of Nations identified with the law of nature However, they did acknowledge that the eighteenth century had seen increasing ascendancy of positive law. This was distinct from the modern tradition of natural law, which had arrived moral and political norms from nature, God, or human nature rather than acts of particular legislators or the contractual agreements of peoples and sovereigns."

Phase 4 Paragraph 1 Summary: The identity of natural law since the 18th century has seen increasing ascendancy towards political and moral norms versus the law of nature, God, or human nature as seen in the past.

Phase 4 Edit 1: When interest in the Declaration was revived, the sections that were most important in 1776 were no longer relevant: the announcement of the independence of the United States and the grievances against King George. But the second paragraph was applicable long after the war had ended, with its talk of self-evident truths and unalienable rights. The identity of natural law since the 18th century has seen increasing ascendancy towards political and moral norms versus the law of nature, God, or human nature as seen in the past. The Constitution and the Bill of Rights lacked sweeping statements about rights and equality, and advocates of groups with grievances turned to the Declaration for support. Starting in the 1820s, variations of the Declaration were issued to proclaim the rights of workers, farmers, women, and others. In 1848, for example, the Seneca Falls Convention of women's rights advocates declared that "all men and women are created equal".

Phase 3 Citation 2: Tsesis, Alexander. (2012). Self-government and the Declaration of Independence. Cornell Law Review, 97(4), 693.

Phase 3 Citation Description 2: One of the largest diversity gaps in the Wikipedia page for the United States Declaration of Independence was that this document was not necessarily intended for people of color. This document declared The United States independent from Britain but did not extend all the rights that white people got to colored people. This article discusses how people of color only saw advancement of rights after World War II, and were especially advanced from organizations such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and other organizations.

Phase 4 Paragraph 2: "Many of the founders understood the incompatibility of their philosophical statements about natural equality with the institution of slavery. An author, writing under the pseudonym "American in Algiers," demonstrated this perspective. He referred to the Declaration of Independence as "the fabric of the rights of man" and faulted those who bound Africans to slavery while they enjoyed "the Rights of Man."

Phase 4 Paragraph 2 Summary: Many of the founders understood the incompatibility of the statement of natural equality with the institution of slavery, but continued to enjoy the “Rights of Man”.

Phase 4 Edit 2: The apparent contradiction between the claim that "all men are created equal" and the existence of slavery in the United States attracted comment when the Declaration was first published. Many of the founders understood the incompatibility of the statement of natural equality with the institution of slavery, but continued to enjoy the “Rights of Man”. Jefferson had included a paragraph in his initial draft that asserted that King George III had forced the slave trade onto the colonies, but this was deleted from the final version. Jefferson himself was a prominent Virginia slaveowner, owning six hundred enslaved Africans on his Monticello plantation. Referring to this contradiction, English abolitionist Thomas Day wrote in a 1776 letter, "If there be an object truly ridiculous in nature, it is an American patriot, signing resolutions of independency with the one hand, and with the other brandishing a whip over his affrighted slaves." The African-American writer Lemuel Haynes expressed similar viewpoints in his essay "Liberty Further Extended," where he wrote that "Liberty is Equally as pre[c]ious to a Black man, as it is to a white one".