User:Nafeezaa1/Clastogen

This process is a form of mutagenesis, and can lead to carcinogenesis and tumorigenesis

Bignold:

DNA synthesis can become obstructed by types of specific clastogens which have been seen due to radiation or alkylating agents, the effects that take place are known as chromosomal aberrations. There are also clastogens such as caffeine that don't show these effects of obstructing DNA synthesis and damaging DNA.

Yeast DEL Assay:

There have been studies done that examine the usage of the DEL (deletion) assay to screen for clastogens. There is the in vitro micronucleus assay (IVMN) which can screen for clastogenic activity. This is useful because an assay that can pick up clastogenic activity can be used to foresee the origin of chromosome aberration activity. The IVMN assay can pick up on fragments that were membrane bound to DNA that were split from nuclei throughout the process of cell division. Micronuclei has been seen as a side product of chromosome breakage otherwise known as clastogenicity.

some known and accepted clastogens are: Acridine, actinomycin D, camptothecin, methotrexate, methyl acrylate, resorcinol and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine. Benzene which is also known as an animal carcinogen is also a clastogen. (DONE)

Bolzan:

Relating to TELOMERES

There is a possibility of clastogens affecting telomeres. There can be uncertainty with telomeres that occur short term during the first round of cell division in which there can be chromosomal damage by clastogens.

Clastogens which break chromosomes contribute to telomeric instability because it leads to chromosome end loss or true telomere loss

Clastogens can bring on issues with telomeres and cause them to not function as intended, most often seen anomalies seen occur in human lymphocyes, cancer cell lines and non-human established cell lines where there os telomere loss and copies of anomalies in the exposed cells, thus the problems that arise in telomeres can be duplicated and seen in exposed cells.

In addition, studies have shown that rat cells which were exposed to chemical clastogens express telomeric irregularities in function and can stay for several cell generations after treatment has been attempted.

Plant and Animal Cells from Clastogen Damage:

In plants and mice cells studies have found that purine receptor agonists adenosine, ATP, ADP, cyclohexyladenosine, phenylisopropyladenosine and dimethylaminopurine riboside, can lower the amount of clastogenic damage seen in chromosomes and reduce the amount of micronuclei affected brought on by ethylmethane sulfonate and cyclophosphamide. Some ligands more than others can stop or reduce the clastogenic activity of ethylmethane sulfonate such as adenosine, ADP or DAP.

Bhargava:

Upon exposure to clastogens, the effects seen can consist of chromosomal rearrangements, in addition the portions of deletions or inversions in chromosomes that take place are lincreasily inked to cancer development. In terms of resistance, for a specific clastogen known as "Zeocin", a residue known as XLF-L115D mutant is flawed in terms of being resistant thus clastogenic activity shows no amount of decreasing.