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History
16. i 17. st. comprehensive kajk. writings by Vramec, Pergošić

Kajkavian as a distinct idiom/dialect/whatever? can be seen traced to writings around the 12th century

First comprehensive works in Kajkavian started to appear during the 16th century, the most notable work of that era being Ivanuš Pergošić's Decretum released in 1574, a translation of István Werbőczys Tripartitum.

File:Tripartitum 1574.jpg

Many protestant writers of the Slovene lands also release their works in Kajkavian so as to reach a wider audience, while also sometimes using Kajkavian features in their native writings.

17th century - works discussing Kajkavian and its features starting to appear, writings over the different Yat reflexes and schwa. Introduction of Juraj Habdelić's Zercalo Mariansko also mentions the yat reflex differentiation. also 17th cent - Hieronymus Megiser's polyglot dictionary contains Kajkavian entries.

Juraj Habdelić's Dikcionar in 1667, Kajkavian-Latin. Habdelić important > Jagić went as far as calling the 17th century "the Habdelić period". besides the dictionary work, his prose was very influential and served as influence for other writers to come. habdelić wrote in zagreb kajkavian for the most part.

Gazofilacij by Ivan Belostenec (completed and released in 1740 by Jeronim Orlović), the most comprehensive work of kajkavian lexicography, two volumes, Vol I latin-kajkavian, Vol II kajkavian-latin

1742 - four-language latin-kajkavian-german-hungarian dictionary, with an index of Kajkavian words, dict started by Franjo Šušnik, most of the work done by jesuit Andrija Jambrešić. done independently of Gazofilacij.

first improtant grammars start to appear in 18th century, first descriptions of the kajkavian literary language.

first kajkavian grammar (written by a non-native speaker), by Johannes Christophorus de Jordan (of Czechia), included as a comparative grammar of slavic languages. in it kajkavian appears under the name croatian, along czech, slovak and latin.

first kajkavian grammar written by a native speaker, 1779, Ivan Vitković.

1783. grammar by Ignac Szentmartony - "Einleitung zur kroatische Sprache"). the intro to it says that it describes the speech of the area around Zagreb, Križevci and Varaždin and their surroundings.

1790 - Franz Kornig's grammar

1825 - Josip Đurkovečki's grammar

1837 Ignac Kristijanović, grammar based on the one by Vitković

Second half of 18th century - three languages in active use in Kajkavian territories - Kajkavian, Austrian German and Latin. Kajkavian as the language of everyday communication, civil-legal treaties and other official documents. By the end of 18th cent, German took over the role of Latin, making it also a language of communication, education, science, nobility. In general, German was considered the language of higher social classes, and a status langauge. Kajkavian served as a strong factor of identification. Strong language contact led to mass word borrowing.

Written using Hungarian spelling until Ljudevit Gaj's attempts to modernize it.

Last Kajkavian book written using the Hungarian spelling was printed in 1859.

classification

 * complicated issue throughout history, various opinions by laymen, linguists, historical/modern, but Kajkavian is currently conventionally (and has been for at least a century) classified as a dialet of Serbo-Croatian


 * autonyms - up until 17th century, inconsistent, sometimes Kajkavian writers refer to their language and themselves as "slovenski", "slavonski", "slovinski", "horvatski", "ilirski", etc., the name also depended on the yat reflex, so where the yat was "e", "slovenski" was more common.

historical

 * Josef Dobrovský. Dobrovsky classifies Kajkavian and Slovene as the same language, and Kajkavians and Slovenes as one nation. He uses the name "Croat" and "Croatian" for them.


 * Slovene Jernej Kopitar accepts the premise of Kajkavian and Slovene being the same language, and their respective speakers belonging to the same people, but he calls them all Slovenes, because as he says Slovenes are more numerous than Kajkavians.


 * Later he calls Kajkavian speakers Pseudocroatorum, rectius Slovenorum Zagrabiensium


 * Slovene philologist Franc Miklošič agrees with the idea of the "unity", but considers Chakavians to be Croats, Kajkavians as Slovenes.


 * Due to the prevalency of the above opinions, some Slovene authors also included distinct Kajkavian folk songs as part of Slovene folk songs


 * Jagic calls Kajkavians "kroatische Slovenen"


 * All throughout that era Kajkavian was the prefered written form in its spoken area, the status which it loses around mid-19th century, after the acceptance of shtokavian as the basis of the literary language.


 * 1905 - Ukrainian A.M. Lukjanenko's reasearch considers Kajkavian a Serbo-Croatian speech.


 * Belić meanwhile, talks of kajkavian being "based on shtokavian-chakavian-slovenian".


 * Vatroslav Jagić, in response to Lukjanenko's work: two possibilities, "not belonging to either slovene or serbo-croatian", "separate"; or alternatively, "croatian, not slovene, despite similarities with slovene"


 * Stanko Vraz, Croatian-Slovene writer, similar to contemporaries, advocated unity between Kajkavians and Slovenes. However, he adopted the idea of Illyrian movement, and used Shtokavian and was the opinion that Slovenes ought to adopt it


 * Ramovš and Margulies, A. consider it to be genetically a Slovene idiom. Ramovš: "initially genetically a Slovene idiom", "fell under separate political influence, and thus considered Croatia" (Slo-Cro border), "and ultimately then categorized as SC"

more contemporary, non-ethnic, only language
"No major CSl isogloss cuts through either Sloveno-Serbocroatian or Macedo-Bulgarian...."

"Hence, there are certain difficulties in classifying a dialect like Kajkavian as Slovenian or Serbocroatian (although it seems clear that the basis of Kajkavian is Slovene rather than Serbocroatian)"


 * "No common Kaj-Cha-Shto innovations", RM says "no common kajk-chak-shto ancestor, instead there's a common slov-kajk-chak-shto ancestor". RM dates such a common slov-kaj-chak-shto ancestor to the time of Frankish rule, says it would have been spoken in 8th and 9th century

Borders

 * initially at least stretching to Pakrac and Slatina, today's Western Slavonia

Characteristics

 * protethic v, generalized in front of u, kajk. vuho (shto. uho), kajk. vugel (shto. ugao), kajk. vučil (shto. učio), attested in glagolithic texts early on, already around 15th century (Petrisov zbornik, 1468)


 * proto-slavic *dj > kajk. j, kajk. meja (shto. međa, slo. meja)


 * nasal *a > kajk. closed o, shto. u, kajk. roka (shto.ruka, slov. roka)


 * yat - various reflexes, most common closed e, like in northern chakavian speeches


 * syllabic l merges with the reflex of nasal a, results in closed o (o in Podravina, u in Bilogora)


 * common slavic *v *v- > kajk. v (shto. u, u-, čak. va)


 * č in front of r retained, kajk. črn, črv (shto. crn, crv, slov. črn, črv)


 * ž in front of vowel turns to r (same for slov, chak, western shto), kajk. moči > morem/moreš/more (shto. moći > mogu/možeš/može, slov. moči > morem/moreš/more)


 * retention of -jt and -jd, kajk. pojti, dojdem (shto. poći, dođem)


 * final devoicing, kajk. vrag pronounced as vrak (shto. vrag, slov. vrak)


 * diminutive suffixes:

-ek > pes, pesek (shto. pas, psić)

-ec > dečko, dečec

-eko > sonce, sončeko

-eco > mleko, mlekeco


 * negative past tense deviates from neighboring speeches, slov. jaz nisem slišal, shto. ja nisam čuo, kajk. ja sem nȩ čul/ ja sem nie̯ čul, like in Czech and Slovak, possibly a remnant of Pannonian Slavic verb system.


 * 1PL present kajk. -mȩ/rečemȩ (slov. -mo/rečemo, shto. -mo/kažemo, slovak -me, povieme)


 * relative pronouns, kajk. kateri/tȩri (Czech který, Slovak ktorý, Polish który, shto. koji)


 * genitive plural in shto. adds -a, kajk. retains old form, kajk. nom.sg. VUK, gen.pl. VUKOV, shto. gen.pl VUKOVA, kajk. ŽENE, ŽEN, shto. ŽENE, ŽENA


 * locative plural retained, shto. changes, kajk. nom.pl. PRSTI, loc.pl. PRSTEH


 * dual lost, but that change is significantly more recent than in shto.


 * loss of vocative


 * s-type nouns retained as separate declination class, different from neuter due to the formant -es- in oblique cases (same in slo.), kajk. nom.sg. ČUDO, gen.sg. ČUDESA


 * PIE *wixu, in shto. there's metathesis, turns into sav (sva, svo), no metathesis in kajk. ves (vsa)


 * numeralical adjective in shto. have -or- variants of suffix, kajk. only -er- (kajk. četvero, petero, shto. četvoro/četvero, petoro/petero)


 * no aorist


 * in 15th century, nehaj turns in shto. into NEKA, kajk. and slo. still retain old form, shortened to NAJ (but also as NEHAJ), that's the negative imperative SG3 commonslavic *xajati (dialectal hajati - mariti)


 * futur I formed with the verb biti, kajk. bom delal (slo. bom delal, shto. radit ću)


 * supine retained as distinctive from infinitive, like in slovene, infinitive is -ti, -či, supine is -t, -č. supin and infinitive often are stressed differently. used with verbs of movement.


 * turkish words enter via shtokavian standard


 * praslav sufiks *u-, cf. češko výhled ili východ, u bednji ima "vigled", sačuvano u i slov. primorju, koruškoj a i u sjevernočakavskom


 * modern urban Kajkavian speeches have stress as the only significant prosodic feature


 * syntactic influence, predominantly from German

Influence on Shtokavian in Kajkavian areas
Due to the amount of mutual influence, the speeches of urban areas in Central Croatia (such as Zagreb), are often called "Kajkavian koine" or "Kajkavian-Shtokavian" koine rather than labeled as any of the two

Younger Zagreb-born speakers of Kajkavian koine in Zagreb tend to use more Kajkavian features when speaking to older people

The Kajkavian koine is distinct from Kajkavian as spoken in the rural areas. Due to the influence of Kajkavian koine on Shtokavian, the particular variety of has been named as Zagreb Shtokavian by some.

Influence on standard
Extent of influence of Kajkavian on the standard language much lesser than on colloquial non-standard Shtokavian. Examples of influence on SC standard (not exclusive to Croatia but all SC-speaking countries), words like


 * propuh, huškati, poboljšati, pogoršati


 * kukac, hlače, rječnik