User:Narky Blert/sandbox 3


 * https://art.famsf.org/mathias-de-sallieth/port-medenblik-holland-19616166
 * https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Dictionary_of_National_Biography_volume_39.djvu/367
 * https://nl.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestand:Wapen_Medemblik_Wierdijk_Enkhuizen.jpg


 * Prince-Bishopric of Liège until 1795


 * Hamal (surname)
 * Trumpet concerto
 * July 20
 * 1744
 * September 17
 * 1820
 * List of Belgian classical composers
 * List of Classical-era composers
 * List of Belgians
 * List of composers by name
 * List of people from Liège

nl:Henri Hamal
Henri Hamal (20 July 1744, Liège, in modern Belgium – 17 September 1820, Liège) was a Walloon (i.e. a French-speaking native of the Low Countries) composer, music director and writer.

When Hamal was born, Liège was the seat of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège, an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire, within (but not part of) the Austrian Netherlands. The Prince-Bishop was a man of consequence: he was a member of the Imperial Diet. In 1789, the Liège Revolution broke out, the Prince-Bishop was deposed, and the Republic of Liège established. The Kingdom of Prussia (a constituent state of the Empire) intervened in an attempt to mediate, and garrisoned troops in Liège and other important towns. In 1791, Austrian Imperial forces invaded, overthrew the Republic, and reinstated the Prince-Bishop. In 1794, the French Republic attacked the Low Countries (in the Flanders campaign), drove out the Imperials, and the Prince-Bishop was expelled for a second and final time. The Low Countries were annexed into the French Republic; and later, after Napoleon had proclaimed himself Emperor, into the French Empire. In 1814, Prussian, Russian and Dutch troops (part of the Sixth Coalition against Napoleon) drove the French out. In 1815, after Napoleon's final downfall, the former Prince-Bishopric was awarded to the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, a new state.

Hamal was the son of Dieudonné-Lambert Hamal, the youngest child of Henri-Guillaume Hamal (1685-1752). Henri-Guillause and his eldest child, Jean-Noël (1709-1778), were also musicians in Liège. He received his early musical training from his uncle Jean-Noël, who was maitre de chapelle at Saint Lambert's Cathedral, Liège. From 1763 to 1769, he studied in Rome, with help from the Stichting Lambert Darchis, a charitable fund of Liège whose purpose it is to finance students of theology and the arts in that Italian city. In 1770, he took over his uncle's duties; although the latter held onto their titles until his death in 1778. He was an original member of the Société Libre d'Émulation (Liège) of Liège, founded by the Prince-Bishop in 1779. (A Société d'émulation was a local learned society for the cultural elite.) In 1794-95, the cathedral was torn down with anticlerical revolutionary zeal, and Hamal lost his job. He was appointed secretary of the Public Education Council of the Ourthe département, a new administrative division of the French Republic, whose seat was in Liège. In 1801, he was appointed maitre de chapelle of St. Paul's Cathedral, Liège, the new cathedral of the diocese. Barthélemy disagrees.

He wrote much church music (eighteen masses (including two requiems), hymns, litanies, vespers, motets and psalms), but also secular works such as cantatas and songs in the Walloon language. He wrote an [three act] opera, Le Triomphe du sentiment, to a libretto by one Joseph Bertrand, which was premiered [on 28 January] 1775 at the Grand-Théâtre, Liège.

Barthélemy liégois cantata to welcome new PB.

Pygmalion 1 akte zonder datum, Luik Jean Jacques Rousseau

Monologue Pygmalion, 1 akte, zonder datum, Luik, Jean Jacques Rousseau

Particularly influenced by the Neapolitan School operas of Paisiello, Cimarosa and Traetta, he himself composed some comic operas which he proposed to the opera houses in Belgium and Paris, without particular success.

Like his grandfather and his uncle, he organized concerts in the hall of the Emulation building in Liège. Also at Redoute & Comédie (Quitin 1997).


 * 1784, Le cri de la Patrie - cantata


 * 1777 Le Fat ou les preuves d'amour - text: Raynier

, only one of his compositions seems to have been recorded: a Concerto for Trumpet and String Orchestra in D Major.

He was a collector of works of art and manuscripts. In particular, he made a collection of some 800 sketches and drawings by Liégois artist Lambert Lombard (c. 1505 – 1566), and it has survived.

He gathers, archives and annotates hundreds of pieces produced by his contemporaries: Joseph Dreppe, Carlo Maratta, Guido Reni, Laurent Pécheux ... Mémoire pour serve à l'histoire des artistes of the province de Liège

In his later years, he wrote two memoirs which remained in manuscript until rediscovered in the 20th Century.

He wrote a memoir, Annales des progrès du théâtre, de l'art musical et de la composition dans l'ancienne principauté de Liège depuis l'année 1738 jusq'en 1806: essay historique sur les concerts et le théâtre de Liège, which survived only in a manuscript copy until it was edited for publication in 1989 by Maurice Barthélemy.

Barthélemy thought he liked a quiet life.

Returning to Liège in 1772, he was commissioned by Prince-Bishop François-Charles de Velbrück to help his uncle Jean-Noël in the post of choirmaster at the cathedral, succeeding him in 1778.

As co-founder of the Société d'Emulation he fell out of favor with Prince-Bishop César-Constantin-François de Hoensbroeck and was unable to work in the cathedral at the requiem in 1792. He was replaced on this occasion by Simon Leclercq.

nl:Jean-Noël Hamal

 * fr:Simon de Harlez

Jean-Noël Hamal (23 December 1709, Liège, in modern Belgium – 26 November 1778, Liège) was a Walloon composer, conductor and organist.

He was the son of Henri-Guillaume Hamal (1685-1753) and the uncle of Henri-Guillaume's grandson Henri Hamal (1744-1820), who followed the same profession as him.

Rue Hamal in Liège is named in his honour. Orchestre Jean-Noël Hamal (founded 1980 as Ensemble Jean-Noël Hamal), based in Liège, bears his name.

Pic

Compositions

 * 6 ouvertures da camera (suites in three movements, fast-slow-fast, for chamber orchestra), Op. 1 (Paris, 1743)
 * 92 motets, 34 mass settings, 24 psaumes des cantates, 5 lamento, 6 litanies, 4 oratorios
 * 2 Te Deums, of which one in 1763 (fr) 30 May 1764 (nl) was for the enthronement of Charles-Nicolas d'Oultremont as Prince-Bishop of Liège
 * 3 opus de symphonies (dont l'op. 2 paraît à Liège en 1750 chez Benoît Andrez)
 * 3 volumes de fragment symphoniques et ouvertures
 * In Exitu Israel, for SATB, double choir and orchestra
 * 3(nl)/4(fr) oratorios:
 * Davide e Gionata ("David and Jonathan") (1745)
 * Jonas ("Jonah") (1746)
 * Judith Triomphans ("Judith Triumphant"), for 2 sopranos, tenor, bass, mixed choir and orchestra (1747-1750 rev.1756)
 * 4 burlesque operas with texts in 18th Century liégeois Walloon dialect :
 * Li voege di Chôfontaine ("The Journey to Chaudfontaine") (1757); libretto by Simon de Harlez, Pierre Robert de Cartier de Marcienne, Jacques-Joseph Fabry, and Pierre Grégoire, baron de Vivario
 * Li Ligeoi egagi; libretto by Jacques-Joseph Fabry
 * Li Fiesse di Houte-sip-lou ("The Party at Houte-Si-Plou" (a hamlet in the municipality of Neupré)) (1757); libretto by Pierre Grégoire, baron de Vivario
 * Lés Hypocontes (1758); libretto by Simon de Harlez


 * revue has librettists

Werken voor orkest

 * 1743 Zes symfonieën - Sei sinfonie da camera a quattro, op. 2 - waaronder:
 * Symphonie en Fa Majeur, for strings (2 violins, viola) and harpsichord

Oratoria, Missen en andere kerkmuziek

 * 34 missen
 * 5 Requiem
 * 92 motetten
 * 24 psalmcantates
 * 5 Lamentos
 * 6 Litanieën

Kamermuziek

 * Zes sonates voor viool, dwarsfluit en basso continuo
 * Recueil, voor viool en klavecimbel

Hamal lebte in der Übergangszeit vom Barock zum Klassizismus. Er machte sich, vom italienischen Stil beeinflusst, zum musikalischen Vorreiter in verschiedenen Bereichen, wie seine Sinfonien, aber auch seine Opern im Lütticher Dialekt es verdeutlichen.


 * 92 Motetten, 34 Messen, 24 Psalmkantaten, 5 Lamentos, 6 Litaneien, 4 Oratorien, 5 Requien
 * 3 Opus Sammlungen Sinfonien
 * 3 Sammlungen mit sinfonischen Fragmenten und Ouverturen

Biog
He studied philosophy and theology in the seminaries of Vitoria and of San Sebastián, and biological sciences at the University of Madrid.

From 1960 to 1972, he worked as assistant to scientists with established reputations, including Jose Migel Barandiaran (1889-1991).

Trans es
As an anthropologist he has collaborated in archaeological excavations led by other archaeologists in the Cantabrian area, particularly Jose Migel Barandiaran in the Basque Country, between 1960 and 1972. He also participated in archaeological excavations in Nubia, Sudan for UNESCO. He has been director of archaeological excavations since 1973, especially in the Basque Country.1

He was a professor at the José María Usandizaga Institute of Secondary Education in San Sebastián. In 1980 he joined the University of the Basque Country, where he was Professor of Experimental Sciences Didactics until 2002, when he retired. Its main areas of research and work are the archeozoology of prehistoric sites, paleolithic art and the protection of archaeological heritage.1

From 1960 he developed his research in the Department of Prehistory of the Sociedad de Ciencias Aranzadi, of which he became president of the Society, director of its Department of Prehistory and the journal Munibe Anthropology-Arkeology.2

He is a member of the Honor Committee of the ICAZ (International Council for Archaeozoology) .3

Trans
Between 1960 and 1972, this well-known anthropologist worked as a collaborator with many archaeologists; mainly in the Basque Country, with Joxe Miel Barandiaran, and in other parts of the Cantabrian region, with national archaeologists and foreigners.

Participated in the archaeological excavations carried out at the Nubian Sudan, commissioned by UNESCO. Since 1973, he has been the director of archaeological excavations, most of them in the Basque Country. He has been a Professor at the J. M. Usandizaga Institute for Medium Teaching in San Sebastián. From 1980 to 2002 he was a Professor of Didactics of Experimental Sciences at the University of the Basque Country. His main research topics have been the archaeo-oochogy of prehistoric sites, the Palaeolithic art and the archeology heritage.

He has been the director of the Department of Prehistoric Society of Aranzadi, and is the member of the MUNIBE Magazine, member of the ICAZ International Committee and, among others, member of the editorial board of these scientific journals: International Journal of International Studies, Doñana, Acta Vertebrata, Archaeofauna, Archaeozoology, Anthropozoologica and Férvedes. He has also been Center of Recherches d'Ecologie Souterraine and honorary member of ICAZ.

He has led several research and excavation projects, and has taken part in other areas; such as Cueva Morín, La Riera, Ekaingo cave, Dufaure, Errola, Arnalda cave, Vidigal (Portugal), Gipuzkoa megaliths and caves, Cueva Mirón (Cantabria).

He has taken part in jury assessment projects; In the following, among others: New Mexico University (USA), Research Council of Canada, Ministry of Science and Technology Committee (Madrid) and General Science Research Council.

He has published over 210 works, of which 12 are books. Most of them are research works, but they also did some educational and informative publications.

He has received many prizes, including the National Ibáñez Martín Award for Research, the Xabier Maria de Munibe Prize (awarded by the Basque Parliament in the field of Humanities), Euskalerriaren Lagunen Elkartea, Eusko Ikaskuntza-Euskadi Box Award (Humanities and Social Sciences). He has also received the Basque Government's Work Award. In addition, in 2004, he was awarded the Euskadi Research Prize.

Trans
To say that the contribution of Professor Jesus Altuna to Basque studies refers to the continuation of the work of Don José Miguel de Barandiarán in the field of Prehistory is as false as any half truth. In any review of the life history of this researcher can not fail to cite the personality of Don José Miguel, who marked him vivamente since in those campaigns of archaeological excavation in Lezetxiki and Aitzbitarte IV advised him to devote himself to the study of the remains of fauna recovered in the country's deposits. But culminated his training with the reading of a doctoral thesis in Arqueozoología and retired Don José Miguel of the archaeological field tasks in the deposit of Ekain, the academic trajectory of that disciple of Barandiarán acquires a dynamics of its own. There is an undeniable component in the fight and the vindication of disciplines that had been neglected in our land, when they were on the contrary well present in other European regions that Jesus Altuna always had in mind.

Let's start with the most evident of them, Prehistoric Archeology. In any of its facets -research, documentation, protection, disclosure, etc.- the years between the first excavations (around 1960) and the present have not been kind. Certainly, there have been some moments of satisfaction during this period, mainly achievements related to the institutional recognition of the task that was carried out on a daily basis. These include the completion of the excavations of Ekain, Erralla or Amalda with two interdisciplinary publications, the achievement of an agreement between the Aranzadi Society of Sciences and the Provincial Council of Gipuzkoa for the protection of the archaeological heritage, the publication in successive improved editions of the Archaeological Charter of Gipuzkoa, the achievement of raising the quality of the magazine Munibe number by number, the recent transfer of the SC Aranzadi to its new headquarters of Zorroaga or even more recently, the achievement of several scientific research awards. Many of them are achieved achievements, as the award-winning one likes to say "in the Guipuzcoan way", an expression that I would dare to transcribe as to work as much as possible, without entertaining myself to talk too much.

Among the objectives fulfilled in the life development of Jesus Altuna we observe many that are related to pure research, but also, of course, others related to the management of Heritage. It is the latter who have sometimes forced him to speak, state his reasons and argue more frequently and extensively than he likes, but with proven effectiveness. It is also this capacity that probably gave an unexpected turn to the chronicle of the cave of Ekain, discovered at a time when there was an imminent risk of being exploited by tourists, an option that was strongly opposed by both Don José Miguel de Barandiarán and Altuna himself, saving the site from a pillage that severely impaired other parallel findings.

I have indicated in the beginning of this brief text that there are facets of the scientific career of Altuna that are only related in their origin to the indications of Barandiarán. I emphasize the one that undoubtedly constitutes the most spoiled of Professor Altuna's dedications: archaeozoology. This discipline, barely developed in the peninsula until its own Doctoral Thesis of 1971, is today one of the main pillars on which the interdisciplinary nature of prehistoric research is based. It is in this discipline that we can consider the award-winner as a true pioneer and a leading personality in European research. In fact, the field work carried out for decades by him and his closest collaborators preparing an osteological comparison collection has made the Archaeozoology Laboratory of the Aranzadi Science Society an obligatory point of reference for other European specialists. This collection represents the foundations on which the work of any specialist should be based and is possibly the biggest reason for Professional pride of Professor Altuna. It certainly impresses any visitor the presence of skeletons and horns of animals of different ages and sexes from five continents, omnipresent in any conversation developed in that laboratory.

There are other facets of the honoree that deserve a direct reference, even at the risk of extending too much. Those who know him personally (and of course, his students) will agree that his lack of passion for speeches is not at odds with an infrequent communication capacity. He himself recalls the anecdote that in his youth manuals the closest example of tómbolo had to be documented in Peñíscola, when in the city of Donostia there was a good graphic example. The pedagogical task of Altuna, like that of Barandiarán himself and other partners of the generations of both acquires relevance by giving proximity to the most varied topics of science. In a similar way to how he is surprised in the post-war years when checking the validity of universal scientific problems on his immediate environment, we can enjoy his detailed explanations on those elementary questions of Botany, Zoology or Geography that excite him and that he places us much closer than a report from the National Geographic.

I will finish this brief note recalling an aspect that has particular relevance in relation to the recent award of the Eusko Ikaskuntza-Caja Laboral Award for Social Sciences and Humanities. Since that lecture delivered at the University of Oñate in the General Assembly of Basque Studies of September 17, 1978, the commitment of Jesús Altuna with Basque studies and with Eusko Ikaskuntza has been particularly broad. He was the first president of the Prehistory and Archeology section of the renewed Eusko Ikaskuntza (until 1988) and last year he was appointed member of Eusko Ikaskuntza in the Board of the Board of the Barandiarán Foundation and President of the same. His commitment also reaches many other scientific entities in the country and international, among which it is necessary to highlight the Aranzadi Science Society, a project that also receives from Mr. José Miguel and that will achieve great achievements during the period in which Altuna holds its maximum responsibility.

The circle closes with the homage of the disciple to his most beloved teacher, holding the maximum responsibility in the Foundation entrusted to the protection of his intellectual heritage. However, there are still many works that remain pending for the next years of Professor Altuna. Although any other perspective may seem exhausting, he is well aware of the boxes with materials awaiting his meticulous analysis in the Aranzadi Science Society: hundreds of thousands of animal remains - once hunted or slaughtered by the prehistoric populations of the Basque Country, Cantabria, Asturias, La Rioja, Aragon, Burgos, Castellón, the Algarve, the Landes, the Pyrenees, etc.- crowd in the warehouses and require your attention. One day after the award ceremony, he will once again put on his white coat and start again, with the invaluable help of Koro Mariezkurrena, the identification, recount and synthesis of some data without which the Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula and the Southwestern Europe would never be what they are today.

Trans
INTRODUCTION On December 15th, KORO I received a letter from MARIETY PERFECT GASTEARENA Ibaeta University of the Basque Country In my anthropology bureau in the Outpost. Among others, Koro wrote to me, All of JESUS ​​ALTUNA's wife: Last spring, Munibe (Anthropology-Archeology) magazine On behalf of the Editorial Board, JESUS ​​ALTUNA You were invited to participate in the tribute. You gave us confirmation. With this letter, we would like to remind you of the original work Before the 1st of March 2005, we must receive it. I have two reasons for the Paleoanthropologist JESUS ​​ALTUNA ETXABE about to do about the article to base the assertion. First, Jesus as a person and many are always much like paleoanthropologists He has helped me today at Ibaeta Kanpus antropologia It also helps my students. The second, in this article, any other person The importance of living is undercutting a hundred tissues As I am saying, in this case JESUS ALTUNA ETXABE first in the paleoanthropologist biography I will enter times and this of course lives It is because I think that the person lives autobiography and his biography because it is not there MEDOTOLOGY It went on Wednesday 23rd of June, 2004 At 12:00 hours at the London Hotel in London's Ikastolas A book addressed by the Confederation in Basque We published a bunch of researchers in Eusko Government Education University and Research With the help of the Department. This book's title Basque Curriculum: Cultural Tour. From the village

1- Person: first mask He is a folklorist, anthropo-ethno / logician the main researcher. In particular, three characteristics of the person I will especially emphasize here: individual or indivisible, universe creature and group of people Multiple member (Family, neighborhood, friendship, team, belief / non-belief, culture, interculturality ...). It comes from a person from Latin people and the actors it means a mask that seems like it. 2- Groups: the main family team He is also a member of the person. For this world arrival by two other people It's so we called the dad and dad. Cloning has also begun. From the birth to the individual from many different groups is a member The top two of all the groups are two I will confirm: the individual has mastered it family and individuals together with another individual to another person who has mastered it family composed After this, my current methodology the second most important Principle of knowledge of everything I leave it out. 3 - Biography: trust in its basis the main one I used the biographic of the individual folk-anthropo- The basis of all ethno / spelling. That's why the last one In these years, the foundation of knowledge of all ethnography By writing orally, biography, here and abroad, I always research and teach. 4 - Human species People are born and die over time We've been doing it for thousands of years now We call human beings to the catkin fol./lore, anthropo-ethno / logian. Other human species All beings are bound together in the universe we are 5 - Universe: the second mask Indigenous people and peoples or cultures in the universe Let's emphasize PIERRE TEILHARD DE With CHARDIN. That is, many different types with other beings, some known before or later and unknown people who are forever useless, We all live together in the universe, first, now and then it seems. That's why a second mask is also a researcher We want to emphasize fully our days. This second mask is the same as the universe itself for every person with masks.

From the world to the world. Expert contribution. Director of our Ibaeta Campus Pedagogy The professor was XABIER GARAGORRI and consultants: PAUL AGIRREBALTZATEGI, ANTTONMARI ALDEKOAOTALORA, EUGENIO ARRAIZA, LORE ERRIONDO, PIARRES XARITON. And the editing design and layout by MIKEL LEOZ and the author of the skin. FELIX ENVIRONMENT. Ask for an article for this book he told me ANTTONMARI ALDEKOA-OTALORA. My article The title is Fokl / flower and anthropology / ethnology or person / group knowledge Coming up 415/443 pages. In this article a few years before and to publish I decided to do something. That is, anthropology Provide new methodological principles. Why did I want to do that? It was the 21st century I see that it has globalized the first time, the others Any other world culture in any other culture because people are getting more and more involved, As an example, I will give it a Basque culture and this is also happening in the smallest towns Thus, as an example, I will set our people in Ataun. Globalization has also come into space where in the last years the International Space We have a satellite where people live. This it will change even more in the coming years all cultures in the world. That's what you're doing Because we have invented top technology The highest technology for me is the transport of people It's in the world and throughout space. that's why in my article, six methodological principles I give them the greatest days for anthropology or when doing personalalogy. These ones They are the first one for me, the basis of all others:

- Knowing the science and never deciding. Science comes from latin scientia and know it means Every person has their own being rooted to find out about his total life time capability. So every person is first life wise Then a person's own When he finds out that power he becomes his business to develop this power of inquiry as never before And I'll call this person at work wise or scientist This distinction It is also important in our time and the scientist or scientist of the human species to be considered as the sole scientist or scientist of all because the main habit is dispersed everywhere in the world And this behavior, once again, is growing I see that they are becoming more prevalent. Always accept wisdom or scientists He must never decide on science and know it. The decision must be taken by each author To do this before doing business better Scientists have a thorough and proven science as possible Science or knowledge is best provided to you. After all, one of the wise scholars He has worked for the sake of all scholars In addition to obtaining new knowledge and knowledge Decisions for each individual person He must take it, and that's always it! Completion of my methodology presentation I will add something. When teaching this year, In the first four months of 2004/2005, I taught my students I have taught two subjects: Social Anthropology Introduction and Introduction to Basque Anthropology. First I have put my anthropology regularly to my students Replace the word for another word. Fact He is a man of Greek anthropology. I do not accept it Do not make any difference between people in logic or by science, as a person It was always a woman or a man He is a person and equally as poor be rich That's why I talked about my students, and this was the first time I was doing and also by mouth and on the harbor, writing now first I want to post it sometimes. He proposed me from here moving forward the anthropology word instead of the personalogy I'll use the word. I have given up from the six methodological principles to the first that I had expressed "individual or indivisible,". That is why from now on both word and writing I will give priority to the word personalization in my research And what I want to do in this research It is the same, that is, the biography of a person make it the first time to do it. That person JESUS ​​ALTUNA ETXABE is a paleoanthropologist. This

After saying that, I want to be ashamed of my six the first of the methodological principles title "- Person: first mask". So My four commentators have some things about Jesus I did not question that they did not tell me. That's it furthermore, it encourages more force to my first methodological principle. We do not have to respect it before just because everyone knows each other very well He does not want to know any of his things. ETHNOGRAPHER OR PERSONAL WITNESSES (...): I am indicating this symbol for recording I can not understand a transcript when to do it Also, to indicate other remarks. Trying to speak all the recordings in a word I am new to the analysis as proof from one hundred to one hundred. 1. NEWSPAPER: Ander MANTEROLA ALDEKOA priest and anthropologist. RECORDING TRANSCRIPTION LIKE MESSAGE 1. Ethnographic or Interpersonal Dialogue Transcription: My Friend And Anthropologist ANDER MANTEROLA ALDEKOA Conversation with the Talker. Born on Zeanuri on May 23, 1934. Abbey of Derio, Labayru In the center, called "visits" on the fifth floor in class 2005.01.12.3.10: between 53 / 11:18 We made our conversation. Our interview with the names of our names I will point out and also the recorder with numbers: ABjm plus cassette number: APPLIANCES BEGIRISTAIN JOXEMARTIN. MA plus cassette number: MANTEROLA ALDEKOA ANDER. Recording: A first party for the cassette Between 000/349 Ander is included MANTEROLA ALDEKOA priest and anthropologist JESUS ​​ALTUNA ETXABE about the paleoanthropologist I made the conversation. FIRST COMPENSATION FOR THE 000/349 NUMBERS ANOTHER INTERVIEW WITHOUT RECORDING READING. ABjm 000/008: Eee Derion. Derioko denbora one in the priesthood and in the Labayru Ikastetxea, the fifth on the floor and we are in the room called "visits"

Biog
He has authored more than 200 scholarly articles and books.