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'Rafail Davidovich Sinelnikov (1896 – 21 February 1981) was a Soviet anatomist, physician, and Professor of Anatomy at Kharkov Medical University.

Early Life
Raphael was born in Berdyansk in the family servant. He graduated from high school in 1918. In the same year he entered the University of Kharkov. Starting 1919, he studied at Kharkov and worked for the Anatomy department as a taxidermist, under his mentor V.P. Vorobyov, chair of the anatomy department.

Professional Life
From 1924 to November 1945 Sinelnikov was an assistant in the laboratory at the Lenin Mausoleum. During the Great Patriotic War, he, along with B.I. Zbarskii, preserved the body of Lenin. The body remains on public display in Red Square.

In 1924, after graduation, Sinelnikov was appointed to the position of assistant to the chair of anatomy at Kharkov. From 1931-1937 he became an associate professor of anatomy while also maintaining a position at the Ukrainian Institute of Experimental Medicine from 1931 to 1941. After the death of Vorobyov, Sinelnikov was appointed head of the Department of Anatomy, a position he held from 1937 until 1971.

Sinelnikov Atlas of Human Anatomy
Together with Vorobyov he produced a five-volume "Atlas of Human Anatomy" (1938-1942), which has remained one of the most popular textbooks for the study of anatomy in Russia and Eastern Europe. It has since been translated into English, Spanish, Czech, Arabic, and has been reprinted several times. Up until his death in 1981, edits were carried out by Sinelnikov with the help of J. R. Sinelnikov. After Raphael's death, J. R. Sinelnikov continued to maintain the atlas, adding improved illustrations and 200 new pictures over the years. The last (seventh) edition of the atlas was published in 2007.

1. Sinel'nikov RD Macro-microscopic anatomy and its significance for medicine. Proceedings of the VI All-Union Congress of AGE. - Vol. 1 - Kharkov, 1961 - p. 319-323.

2. Sinel'nikov RD way to quickly differentiated color organs and tissues. / Surgery. - 1942 - m. 11-12 - p. 46-47.

3. http://www.etolen.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5431