User:Natsz72/sandbox

I plan on adding various sections to my "Abortion in Venezuela" article. It will include sections such as Hugo Chavez's rule, International Influence, and an overview of the reproductive rights atmosphere in Venezuela. I will remain in the scope of WikiProjects such as Women's Health, Venezuela, and South America.

List of possible sources: 1.	Introduction

This section and its subcomponents will cover the status of reproductive rights in Venezuela, as well as any relevant history that might have led up to this status. I will adhere as closely as possible to the structure of the introductory section of the parent “Abortion” and “Abortion in Latin America” articles. I will also include any relevant terminology and definitions concerning abortion.

a.	Paxman, J., Rizo, A., Brown, L., & Benson, J. (1993). The Clandestine Epidemic: The Practice of Unsafe Abortion in Latin America. Studies in Family Planning, 24(4), 205-226. doi:10.2307/2939189

b.	Zamberlin, N., Romero, M., & Ramos, S. (2012). Latin American women’s experiences with medical abortion in settings where abortion is legally restricted. Reproductive health, 9(1), 34.

2.	Legal & Political Debate

This section will give a brief impression of the political divisions that exist in Venezuela, as well as their general feelings toward abortion becoming legal. This section will cover multiple perspectives toward abortion, both within and outside of the nation of Venezuela. This is important to present because it will set the precedent of the article and hopefully open the reader to enough knowledge to see why abortion has not been legalized. This section will allow for a smooth transition to the one that follows it— “social activism.” It is important to include multiple sides of this debate to maintain Wikipedia’s neutral point of view.

a.	Kulczycki, A. (2011). Abortion in Latin America: Changes in Practice, Growing Conflict, and Recent Policy Developments. Studies in Family Planning, 42(3), 199-220. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41310730

b.	Richardson, E., & Birn, A. (2011). Sexual and reproductive health and rights in Latin America: An analysis of trends, commitments and achievements. Reproductive Health Matters, 19(38), 183-196. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41409191

3.	Hugo Chavez’s Rule

This section will examine Hugo Chavez’s, Venezuela’s president from 1999-2013, attitude toward the topic of abortion. I feel that it is important to include him as a major player in this issue because of his great influence on the poor, who seem to be the ones who suffer most at the hands of lack of reproductive rights. The section will investigate his policies toward abortion, any attempts at ratification, and any reasons as to why the law did not change under his rule.

a.	Frederic F. Clairmont. (2002). Hugo Chavez: The Fall and Rise. Economic and Political Weekly, 37(19), 1797-1799. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4412096

b.	Fernandes, S. (2007). Gender Agenda of Pink Tide in Latin America. Economic and Political Weekly, 42(39), 3900-3901. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/40276459

4.	Social Activism

This section will highlight some of the larger activist groups both in favor and opposed to abortion. This is to allow the reader to gain an idea of the social turmoil that exists in Venezuela because of the illegalization of abortion. It will likely overlap with the “Legal & Political Debate” section. I plan to include figures that show how Venezuela is divided in terms of support/opposition toward abortion.

a.	Motta, S. (2013). "We Are the Ones We Have Been Waiting For": The Feminization of Resistance in Venezuela. Latin American Perspectives, 40(4), 35-54. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23465974

b.	Fuentes, Federico. "Venezuela: Activists demand new constitution enshrine abortion, sexual rights." Green Left Weekly 1185 (2018): 17.

5.	Maternal Health & Mortality

This section will include statistics that depict the mortality rate of women who undergo illegal abortions, or who are forced to carry a fetus to term. It will highlight how lack of abortion rights might affect women who want/need abortions in terms of physical and mental health, as well as provide information about women’s access to reproductive care. This section will perhaps be the most important in drawing attention to this imperative issue that affects many women in Venezuela.

a.	Capozza, Korey l. “Clandestine Abortion Kills Latin American Women.” Off Our Backs, vol. 28, no. 11, 1998, pp. 12–13. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/20836259.

b.	Remez, L. (1995). Confronting the Reality of Abortion in Latin America. International Family Planning Perspectives, 21(1), 32-36. doi:10.2307/2133603

c.	Fernandes, S. (2007). Gender Agenda of Pink Tide in Latin America. Economic and Political Weekly, 42(39), 3900-3901. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/40276459

d.	Raquel Irene Drovetta (2015) Safe abortion information hotlines: An effective strategy for increasing women’s access to safe abortions in Latin America, Reproductive Health Matters, 23:45, 47-57, DOI: 10.1016/j.rhm.2015.06.004

6.	Religion in Venezuela

Venezuela, like many Latin American countries, is predominantly Roman Catholic. This section will connect how Catholicism and the lack of separation between church and state contributes to how the government approaches abortion rights. I feel that this is an important topic to cover due to the extent of the church’s influence on policies in Venezuela.

a.	Leon, J., & Steinhoff, P. (1975). Catholics' Use of Abortion. Sociological Analysis, 36(2), 125-136. doi:10.2307/3710475

b.	Granberg, D. (1991). Conformity to Religious Norms regarding Abortion. The Sociological Quarterly, 32(2), 267-275. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4120961

c.	Berryman, F. (1971). Popular Catholicism in Latin America. CrossCurrents, 21(3), 284-301. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/24457734

7.	International Influence

This section will take on a broader scope as it examines the influences of other countries on Venezuela’s policies and activist groups. For example, it will describe the influence of the US Supreme Court case Roe v. Wade and the implications it carries for Venezuela. It will also examine how Hugo Chavez’s diplomatic relations with countries such as Bolivia and Argentina relate to Venezuela’s policies concerning abortion.

a.	Secret, P. (1987). The Impact of Region on Racial Differences in Attitudes Toward Legal Abortion. Journal of Black Studies, 17(3), 347-369. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2784220

b.	Copelon, R., Zampas, C., Brusie, E., & DeVore, J. (2005). Human Rights Begin at Birth: International Law and the Claim of Fetal Rights. Reproductive Health Matters, 13(26), 120-129. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3776483

Other sources: Drovetta, Raquel Irene. "Safe abortion information hotlines: An effective strategy for increasing women’s access to safe abortions in Latin America." Reproductive health matters 23.45 (2015): 47-57.

Fuentes, Federico. "Venezuela: Activists demand new constitution enshrine abortion, sexual rights." Green Left Weekly 1185 (2018): 17.

Paxman, John M., et al. "The clandestine epidemic: the practice of unsafe abortion in Latin America." Studies in family planning (1993): 205-226.

Rossier, Clémentine. "Estimating induced abortion rates: a review." Studies in Family Planning 34.2 (2003): 87-102.

Shah, Iqbal, and Elisabeth Åhman. "Age patterns of unsafe abortion in developing country regions." Reproductive health matters 12.sup24 (2004): 9-17.

Singh, Susheela, and Deirdre Wulf. "The likelihood of induced abortion among women hospitalized for abortion complications in four Latin American countries." International Family Planning Perspectives (1993): 134-141.

Wynter, Coral. "Venezuela: Women the heart of the revolution." Green Left Weekly 1158 (2017): 18.

Draft 1 of Revisions
Venezuela is a notably Catholic region, and thus, the population tends to adhere to Catholic norms, such as anti-abortion sentiment. The outlaw of abortion in Venezuela is strongly linked to its Catholic roots. Hugo Chavez stood by women, and tried to break Venezuela of its Catholic rule. In May 2006, Pope Benedict XVI met with President Hugo Chavez to discuss his concern over the possibility that Chavez would loosen abortion laws in Venezuela.

To help combat this type of opposition to lifting abortion restrictions, citizens formed Venezuela’s National Constituent Assembly (ANC) in July of 2017. Their goal is to reform Venzuela's constitution to include women's right to abort beyond that life or death circumstances.