User:Navar2mr/Igala people

= Igala people =

Brainstorm, outline
Lead section - summary, do this last

Geography - land, agriculture, trade, link to art section

Beliefs - religion (gods, rituals, divination, etc.), origin (hunting)

Art - masq., body deco, regalia, film

Gov. - kingdom, kingship...

History?

Lead section: Introduction and overview of what topics this page will cover

The Igala people, located between the joining of the Niger and Benue River, and have been influences by many surrounding cultures. They are located in an ecologically diverse region of Niigeria, ideal for farming a wide array of crops. The Igala people worship the supreme being Ojo Ojo, as well as their divine ancestral spirits. Masquerades are an important aspect of Igala art and is prime example of how the kingdom was influenced by neighboring communities.

The Igálá are one of the ethnic groups found in Nigeria. (plagerism) The Igala played a significant role in the formation of Nigeria having been made host to the capital of Nigeria at Lokoja in the past, with Lugard as the Governor. The Igala Kingdom expanded beyond the present-day boundary. Their homeland, the former Igala Kingdom, is an approximately triangular area of about 14,000 km2 in the angle formed by the Benue and Niger rivers. (information not found in cited source)

The area was formerly known as the Igala Division of Kabba province and is now part of Kogi State. The capital is Idah in Kogi state. Igala people are majorly found in Kogi state. They can be found in Idah, Igalamela/Odolu, Ajaka, Ofu, Olamaboro, Dekina, Bassa, Ankpa, Omala, Lokoja, Ibaji, and Ajaokuta Local government all in Kogi state. They can be found in Idah, Igalamela/Odolu, Ajaka, Ofu, Olamaboro, Dekina, Bassa, Ankpa, Omala, Lokoja, Ibaji, and Ajaokuta Local government all in Kogi state. ( Unreliable source)

Food
Most of the indigenous foods eaten by the Igala people are made from millet, corn, plantain and bitter leaf. Ogidibo is a famous dish in Igala, made from corn; this is said to be a variant of the very known moi-moi. Ijobu and Omaidi are other excellent dishes made from corn and millet respectively. ( plagiarism)

Dressing
The Igala people hold colours in high esteem. The colours that appear the most in their attires are black and yellow with some stripes of white, blue or green. They believe that yellow symbolizes homeliness and black symbolizes prosperity and riches.

During traditional marriages, these colours are used on the headgear, scarf and caps of the bride and groom.

(Information copied word for word from an unreliable source)

Igala kingdom
The Igala kingdom is ruled by an "Attah", of all of whom Atta Ayegba Oma Idoko and Atta Ameh Oboni are the two most revered. (unable to varify this source) In Igala lore, Oma Idoko is said to have offered his beloved daughter by burying her alive to ensure that Igala won a war of liberation from Jukun dominance. Atta Ameh Oboni is known to have been very brave and resolute because of his stiff resistance against the British and struggle to uphold the ancient traditions of Igala land. He died by suicide in order to forestall the plans of the British, who wanted him deposed and exiled. (This information was not found in the source provided)

Idakwo Micheal Ameh II became the twenty-seventh Attah following the death of his predecessor Attah Alhaji Aliyu Obaje in 2012. fitting for this catagory?)

In Igala culture, most parts of the kingdom, like Ankpa, recurved three deep cut horizontal cuts on each side of their face beside the mouth as a way of identifying each other. This practice, which was prevalent during inter - tribal wars in the 17th century and 18th century has now become very uncommon among the Igala people. (moved to body decoration section)

By Igala native law and custom, an Attah newly nominated by the four ruling royal houses ( Aj’Ameacho, Aj’Aku, Aj’Akogu and Aj’Ocholi) is verified by the Igalamela Kingmakers, traditional chiefs of the Igala kingdom. (unreliable source (10) that are unrelated to this information)

The Igalamela kingmakers are made up of nine chiefs (Etemahi Igalamela, Agbenyo, Onubiogbo, Onede, Aleji, Okweje, Achadu Kekele Ukwaja, Ananya Ata, Achanya Ata) with Etemahi Igalamela as the head of the Kingmakers. The Kingmakers forward the nominated name to the prime minister of the Igala kingdom, known as the Achadu oko-ata, for onward approval by the Kogi State Government. (Source 12 is unreliable, info relevant to culture?)

Igalaland
The word anẹ̀ Igala means Igalaland is regarded to be the territory where the people are speaking the Igala language. The early settlement in the Igala kingdom were founded by the ancestors of the people now known as the Igala-Mela with traditions that means "the nine Igala". The efunyi or ofigbeli was a large unit of settlement consisting of two or more several headsteads under their am'onofe -unyi, the family heads. In these primary settlements, membership was strictly based on agnatic kinship ties such as Am'om'onobule, the am'ana, the in-laws, the am'adu, the domestic slaves were absorbed into the settlement on the understanding that they accepted their social and political limitations in certain issues. (unable to verify sources)


 * To complete the picture of the significance of hunting in Igala cultu add that the distribution of meat obtained by hunting is used for the e symbolic recognition of political sovereignty. At the village level, the dominant clan or lineage, which is regarded by the Igala as owning the has a right to the hindquarter of any large animal killed on his land. He a substantial portion of smaller game killed when the reserved hunting district are thrown open towards the end of the dry season. These perq used by the village head to acknowledge the suzerainty of his immedia overlord, who in turn was supposed to hand a considerable portion on  at Idah for the use of the court. The economic and political significance o was roughly the same as that of gifts of beer and food cro 

Igala political crisis
The Igala central government became weak leading up to the mid-nineteenth century, and up to the point of being taken over by the British. The Igalaland saw a rise in rebellion from the capital, Idah; this meant a rise in independent colonies by subjects of the Attah. Prior to the rebellions, around 1826, political turmoil in Idah led to the exhile of their leader at the time. This was followed by discourse in the election for the new Attah. Differing clans in the area were in dispute over who should take the thrown because each clan supported a different lineage of kingship. The dispute over who would take on the role of the Attah lead to economic and political rivalry among the various clans.

Notes from source: ''
 * 47 By the mid-nineteenth century, it was clear that the Igala central government was in a weakened situation.
 * 48The problem was intermittently contained by the central government up to 1841. It took a critical turn for the worse in the period from the 1860s until the British takeover of Igalala
 * The Igala length of the Niger banks played host to a number of rebels from Idah, the Igala capital, in the first half of the nineteenth century. The area witnessed the rise of colonies established by over-mighty subjects of the attah of Igala who decided to carve out independent political and economic spheres for themselves in the years before 1840
 * Sometime around 1826, political problems in Idah forced the leader of the Abokko Onukwu Ata clan, old Abokko, and his people into exile at Adamugu. The politics involved in the election of the reigning attah had pitted the leadership of the Abokko riverine clan against the candidate that eventually succeeded to the throne. The successful attah either drove out old Abokko or the latter himself went into voluntary exil
 * However, the problem was not just between the attah and his clan on the one hand and the Abokko clan on the other. The Abokko clan was one of several riverine clans, and one of three major clans that were in keen and conflictual competition with one another. Each of these major clans, with their less powerful allied clans, generally supported different lineages out of the four that produced the king. Hence, economic rivalry among the riverine clans and the politics of royal succession to the attah's throne have been used in the past to explain old Abokko's exile and the general political crisis that befell the Igala in the first half of the nineteenth cen
 * 49In the Igala political set-up, the competition and the three major riverine clans involved their sharing  portions of the riverine areas of the igala kingdom
 * istricts on the river up to the confluence with the Be Between 1832 and 1841, the Abokko clan had beco it overturned the balance of power among the riverin and the p
 * Since specific land areas within Igala towns an particular lineages, the various towns and districts ove had charge increased as its members colonized new te immigrants and traders. Also, these settlemen subordinated to the political dictates of the Abokko cl transcended the parameters of the political powe traditional clans.
 * By mid-1854, conflicts between the riverine trading clans of Abokko, on the one hand, and Agabidoko, supported by the royal clan and the ruling attah, on the other hand, were renewed. Military clashes occurred between the rival clans

Igala Concept of God (same header as source 1, change to "Religion")
àbó Ígáláà regard God or Ọjọ́-chàmáchālāà as all-knowing and all-seeing, a similar worldview to that of the Abrahamic faiths that originated in the Middle East and have now started to eclipse traditional faiths.

However, to access this God and to ascertain what He is saying per time, Ifa needs to be consulted.

To this end, all the demigods, especially the natural elements of water and land, are given sacrificial offerings periodically. This is done to gain their favour.

Another aspect of deity amongst the Igalas is the Ibegwu, Ibo (people) egwu (dead). The spirits of the departed souls play an important role in the various clans. It is believed that they see everything and know everything, and hence are good in arbitration. The Ibegwu judges the actions of the living, especially in cases of land disputes, infidelity, family disputes and general conducts regarding sex and sexuality (Ibegwu forbids sex in daytime, oral sex, brothers sharing the same sex partners, etc.). However, Ibegwu is only potent on individuals whose families are connected to it. Families that have no ties with Ibegwu do not usually feel their impact. When Ibegwu judges a person of wrongdoing, the consequence is the manifestation of diseases that defy medical solution. Couldn't find this information in the provided source, probably will delete, restated this information more clearly with better sources

Geography
The geographical location plays an important role in the development of the Igala Kingdom. Igala is situated between the apex of the Niger River and Benue River, with the capital, Idah, on the Niger River. Being located by the two main bodies of water in Nigeria brought an abundance of cultural influence from various communities such as Ido, Yoruba, Edo, and Jukun. The Igala economy grew from trading, but traditionally, the Igala people valued farming and hunting for their goods. Igala is located across the forested coastal region, and the dry savannah. This diverse ecological setting accomidates crops that require more rainfall (yam, cocoyam, maize, pumpkin, cassava), as well as dry soil crops (millet, guinneacorn, benniseed, and beans). Igala farmers, mostly men, must be strategic with crop locations and the location of cultivar in various ecological locations.

cite Boston w/ page numbers

The Igala landscape is also conducive to hunting. These animals include buffalo, antelope, and wild pig.
 * he animals that are constantly mentioned in these legends include elephant, buffalo or bushcow, leopards, antelopes, and wild pig, to mention only the larger varieties. It is also evident that hunting was an extremely important activity for the Igala

Origin
It is an Igala legend that the Igalaland was discovered and founded by a hunter who found the area to be ideal for hunting. The legend says that the hunter's camp became the original grounds for the Igala settlement and his family carried on the lineage of the area. While this legend is not considered a concrete historical account, the story represents important aspects of Igala culture, especially in the importance of hunting. In fact, several of the villages take on names that represent the type of game that would be found there. This naming convention includes a village called Oju-Dcha, meaning, 'the place where guinnea-fowl come to wash'. Hunting is so important to the Igala people that there are several hunting ceremonies that take place throughout the year. For example, the earth festival begins the start of the farming year. This ritual features a communal hunt where animal remains are offered to the earth shrine, grassing being burnt, and the first yam being planted. In another ritual, the king camps in the bush the night before the festival. The king then spears an animal to offer to the national earth shrine.
 * local communities in Igala tell the story of their origin in the form of either a clan or a lineage pedigree going back to a founder who is described as a hunter by profession.
 * neage pedigree going back to a founder who is described as a hunter by profession. Typically in these legends the founder is said to have come to the locality from elsewhere and to have found it so good for hunting that he decided to remain and make a new home. H
 * is hunting camp becomes a permanent settlement in whose affairs the hunter's family play a leading role, and after his death his descendants form the dominant clan or lineage in that area. Th
 * Many villages take their names from the kind of game that were found in profusion at a particular spot, and whose abundance is said to have encouraged people to come and hunt there. For instance, within ten miles of the village where I did my fieldwork there was one village called Oju-Dcha, the hill of the antelope, a second named Obagu after a species of monkey, and a third whose name, Gwolawo, means 'the place where guinea-fowl come to wash'.
 * Hunting has been a sufficiently important activity to be represented in the ritual cycle of the year, which is performed in a series of ceremonies both at village level and at the national level in the capital at Idah.
 * e earth festivals that inaugurate the new farming year centre on a communal hunt from which the spoils are brought back and offered ritually to the earth shrine on the evening of the same day. The d
 * efinitive act of inaugurating the year in Igala might be said to be the burning of the grass on this day in the region of the land shrine for the purpose of hunting. And this has the ritual significance that attaches in other areas to planting the first yam or clearing the first plot
 * t. In the national rituals, for instance, which are performed by the king at Idah, there are two principal ceremonies called Ocho and Egwu which fall at the beginning and the end of the year respectively. The first of these, the Ocho festival, was a hunt- ing rite in which the king went into the bush and made a temporary camp the night before the festival. On the day of the ceremony the grass in the area was burned and the king ritually speared an animal, which was taken along with other offerings to the national earth shrine, chrane, at Idah.
 * was roughly the same as that of gifts of beer and food crops in other c This ecological and cultural evidence supports the view that thes origin could be interpreted literally when they refer to the initial im hunting and to the foundation of communities by itinerant hunters. Bu legends are nevertheless unsatisfactory as h 

Religion
The Igala people believe in a supreme creator referred to as Ojo Ojo. While Ojo Ojo is the highest ruler, he is considered to be so divine that he does not work among the human realm. Instead, Ojo Ojo bestows powers upon other gods to interact with everyday human life. Igala divide beings are organized into a three part hierarchy; God, ancestors, and diviners. Igala ancestors are called Ibegwu. Ibegwu hsve a direct connection with Ojo, serving as his representatives and messangers. Ibegwu have the power to protect the well being of humans in their fertitlity, agriculture, and society. If the ancestors are not properly honored, they also have the ability to punish humans. Every year, before the yam harvest, ancestors are honored at the Ibegwu festival. This is to praise them for their protection in the past year, in hopes for more blessings in the year to follow.

Cosmology 144-147
The igala people believe that there are three different realms the human spirtit will occupy in their existence; life after birth, adult life, and life after death. The ancestral spirits are very important to the people of the mortal world. It is the goal of the Igala people to maintain a balanced relationship with their ancestors by honoring them through rituals and offerings. If properly honored, the ancestors will offer blessings and protection to the living. Ancestral spirits interact with the living in various ways. The spirits can be reincarnated as babies, or be called upon through masquerades. In Igala cosmology, a human is not left to decide their destiny. It is believed that before a person is born, their destiny is decided by a choice they make before the creator, Ojo in the spirit world. When a person dies, it is very important that their body is treated with the proper ritual practices to ensure that they will make it to the spirit world; this is accomplished through a burial ceremony that has three stages. The first stage of the burial ceremony is called Egwu omi omi eji. Egwu omi omi eji is when the body is placed into the grave. The second stage is the ceremony that takes place after the deceased is buried, called ubi eche. The third stage is Akwu eche, meaning the last shedding of tears. The third stage is where a the Oloja masquerade is performed to say goodbye to the deceased.
 * In other words, the Igala conceptualize three basic spheres of life, after birth, up to adulthood and life after death. They believe that three categories of people are involved: the child at its pre-and postnatal life, as an adult or elder, and his life as an ancestor.
 * In the same vein, Boston is of the view that a man's relationship with his guardian spirit and with the other ancestors expresses the notion that his destiny is not entirely of his own making but is determined partly by forces beyond his control. He enunciates this view by stating that in Igala religion, the person's destiny in this world is believed to depend upon a choice made in the presence of the creator (Ojo) in the spirit world before the person was born…
 * n Igala Cosmology, the ancestors have maintained a threatening presence as a result, a system of worship exists through which the symbiotic relationship between the living and the dead is maintained by the continual propitiation of the ancestors with sacrifices offerings and prayers
 * The ancestral spirits can reincarnate as babies or they can come back as masquerades
 * There are three stages of burial ceremonies. The first one is putting the deceased into the grave (Egwu omi omi eji). The second stage is ubi eche, that means the ceremony immediately the deceased is buried The final ceremony and the third stage of the ceremony is the Akwu eche or the last shedding of tears for the deceased. It is during the Akwu eche burial ceremony that Oloja masquerade comes out to perform as a fare-well to the deceased.

Masquerades
Masks are an important aspect of Igala art. Masquerades are rituals that aim to create a balaced relationship between the world of the living, and the ancesters of the spiritual realm. Igala masks feature symbolic markings that are meaningful in identifying political status and the culture's fashion. Because these markings are not strict for each culture, and fashion changes over time, it is difficult for historians to rely on them to identify their place of origin. Igala masks have influences from several bordering regions including Igbo. ibaji, and Idoma. While these masks very across regions, they share some similarities, such as the first Atta appearing as a leopard. Igala masquerade culture would not have been able to flourish without the economic support from trade controlled by the Igbo in the lower Niger River. Igala brass masks, worn by the Atta, show evidence of Benin influence on Igala masks. It is presumed that this influence came from Igala being under suzerainty of Benin during the reign of Esigie. Researchers have found that some Igala masks were actually from the Jukun region. This could mean that the masks were taken, or left behind by Jukun warriors on the Igala-Jukun battlefield.


 * 142 The masquerade phenomenon is one of the most sacred and secret in Igala culture
 * masquerade thrives on the myth that a balance must be maintained in the relationship between the living and the dead.
 * In Igala, some masquerades have spiritual, political, and social functions. While the sacred masquerades perform rituals, the social masquerades entertain the people with dances, drama and other forms of comic relieve. While some masquerades are meek, beautiful and entertaining, other, are aggressive, stubborn and ugly 

Oloja masquerade
One maquerade in particular is the Olola masquerade. Oloja is a five day buial ceremony specifically for older, deceaced men. Led by elders, this ceremony takes place once a year and can honor one, or several deceased members of the community in the third and final part of the burial ceremony, Akwu eche. The body of the deceased is adorned with what is known as achi. Achi is woven materals including strips of raffia palm leaves (Iko), and strips of cloth. The Oloja dancer wears a wooden headdress made to look somewhat like a crocodile with feirce teeth and a protruding jaw. Music is an important part of the Oloja ceremony. The intramentalists are elders. They use instruments such as wooden gongs, metal gongs, rattles, flute, and seven drums of various sizes. The start of the ceremony is signaled by the lead instrumentalist blasting seven notes on the flute, each note louder than the one before it, eventually being joined by the other musicians. At this point, the elders take turns performing a dance antil another seven notes are signaled by the flute, summoning the Oloja dancer. The dancer performs movements that mimick different aspects of the decesead's occupation, personality, or habits. The dancer will then go to th house of deceased and throw part of the thatched roof into the bush or river. Next, the masquerader callects the tools of the deceased and destroys them in the performance arena. In the final part of the dance, the dancer collects the Okega, or personal god of the deceased, takes snuff into his nostril three times, hits the back of his head three time, and performs the three final dance moves. By the end of the ceremony, community members are left to cry while the dancer is taken back to his abode.
 * 147 Oloja wears a wooden head gear. The body is adorned with traditional hand-woven material known as achi, and on the top of the achi is Iko, raffia palm leaves made into stripes. On top of the Iko are several colours of stripes of cloth. Oloja is an ugly masquerade the head gear is crocodile-like with a protruding mouth. He appears fearsome as he wears a fierce, look, yet, his activities are humble and entertaining.
 * In Igala, there are relevant events that call for the outing of masquerades. Such events may range from political activities, rite of passage as initiation ceremony, burial ceremony, celebration of lives, ritual activities to festivals
 * burial ceremony of a deceased male adult comes once in a year and the ceremony lasts for five days. Eche akwu could be organized for a deceased individual or it could be organized for a large number of the deceased
 * 154 The occasion for the Oloja performance is Ubi or Akwu eche. Akwu eche means shedding tears while Ubi eche means performance behind the deceased's back.
 * This is the day that the deceased is given the last honour through the instrumentation, dance and shedding of tears. By 10.am, elders, youth, children, men and women will be seated at the community play ground (uchiya)
 * Elderly men who are in charge of the function, take the front seats along with the instrumentalists who are also among the elders. Women, young men and children are made to stand behind the elders
 * There are seven drums which are arranged according to their sizes. Among the musical instruments are wooden gongs, metal gongs, rattles and flute. The instrumentalists are all elders. When the stage is set, the lead instrumentalists, who is the flutist blasts the first note by calling the masquerade, Oloja seven times and the subsequent note is louder than the former. At the end of the seventh note, other instrumentalists join 

Body Decoration
In Igala culture, most parts of the kingdom, like Ankpa, recurved three deep cut horizontal cuts on each side of their face beside the mouth as a way of identifying each other. This practice, which was prevalent during inter - tribal wars in the 17th century and 18th century has now become very uncommon among the Igala people.

Body decoration is the act of altering one's skin or body through piercing, scarification, tattooing, skin dyes, or painting for the perpous of aesthetic or social identification. In Igala culture, the practice of decorating the body is known as Ina Ole.

One form of permanent skin alterations is scarification. This is done by cutting the surface of the skin to leace raised marking. In Igala culture, most parts of the kingdom, like Ankpa, recurved three deep cut horizontal cuts on each side of their face beside the mouth as a way of identifying each other. This practice, which was prevalent during inter - tribal wars in the 17th century and 18th century has now become very uncommon among the Igala people. The practice of scaring the skin can also be seen as medicinal and spiritually healing.

There are also several non permanent forms of Ina Ole, such as creating designs with paint or dyes. These designs take on different meanings depending on the person, occasion, or placement on the body. For example, some tribal markings are identified by their placement on the face, or the chest of men. Women often decorate their wrists and arms as a statement of beauty. Some designs are designated for specific ceremonies or public events while others are spontaneous. These impromptu designs often speak to socio-cultural messages or are the result of young members scribbling their names in patterns on the body. There are also many different symbols used in the decorations including combs, rings, or the alphabet.

Film
The Nigerian film industry has grown tremendously in the last thee decades. This progress in acceptance and recognition for Nigerian film is do to the successful 1992 production, Living in Bondage. The objective for many Nigerian, and Igala filmakers is to bring African film into the same light as industries in Western countries. The Nigerian and Igala film industries are often referred to as Nollywood, or Igawood. These titles are sometimes viewed as controvercial as they imply a sence of otherness, further alienating Nigeran film industries. On the other hand, many Igala filmakers acceot the title as the essence of movie making in their country, and being included in part of the global filmaking experience.

Many Igala filmakers strive to preserve traditional Igala culture in their films. For example, many characters will be named in Igala language after what their character represents. This teaches viewers the Igala language by forming associations with character names and their characteristics. The pupose of this is to preserve the Igala language so it does not go extinct due to the globalization of Igala culture.

The Igala film industry has faced many challenges that have caused it to be less successful than other Nigerian and Western film industries. On challenge, is that Igala film has had a lack of presence on satelite television networks. Having a strong tv presence is important for gaining exposure and global interest. ANother issue faced in Igala film is the lack of profit. Many of these films are low budget, and therefore not sought after as much as films that bring in a higher revenue. This makes it difficult for Igala film makers working toward cultural preservation, as well as global exposure. Finance has also proven to be an issue in this industry because there is little access to technical training for workers in this industry.

Notable Igala people

 * Abubakar Audu
 * Aliyu Obaje
 * Emmanuel Dangana Ocheja
 * Prof. Gabriel Oyibo
 * Prof. Francis Suleiman Idachaba
 * Evang. Sunday Oguche
 * Evang. Emma Ibrahim
 * Dr. Hassan Achimugu
 * Arome Osayi
 * Gideon Odoma
 * Theophilus Sunday
 * Abigail Omonu
 * Dr. Ibrahim Wada
 * Ogwu James Onoja
 * Praiz
 * Jeremiah Attaochu
 * Lucy Jumeyi Ogbadu
 * Joseph Benjamin
 * Ibrahim Idris
 * Idris Wada
 * Stephen Makoji Achema
 * Edward David Onoja