User:Navops47/draft/ADM 18th century

The Glorious Revolution of 1688 rearranged the political map of Europe, and led to a series of wars with France that lasted well over a century. This was the classic age of sail; while the ships themselves evolved in only minor ways, technique and tactics were honed to a high degree, and the battles of the Napoleonic Wars entailed feats that would have been impossible for the fleets of the 17th century. Because of parliamentary opposition, James II fled the country. The landing of William III and the Glorious Revolution itself was a gigantic effort involving 100 warships and 400 transports carrying 11,000 infantry and 4,000 horses. It was not opposed by the English or Scottish fleets.

Organization eighteenth century
Naval operations in the War of the Spanish Succession (1702–13) were with the Dutch against the Spanish and French. They were at first focused on the acquisition of a Mediterranean base, culminating in an alliance with Portugal and the capture of Gibraltar (1704) and Port Mahon in Minorca (1708). In addition Newfoundland and Nova Scotia were obtained. Even so, freedom of action in the Mediterranean did not decide the war, although it gave the new Kingdom of Great Britain (created by the Union of England and Scotland in 1707) an advantage when negotiating the Peace of Utrecht, and made Britain a recognized great power. The British fleet ended Spanish occupation of Sicily in 1718 and in 1727 blockaded Panama.

The subsequent quarter-century of peace saw a few naval actions. The navy was used against Russia and Sweden in the Baltic from 1715 to 1727 to protect supplies of naval stores. It was used at the Cape Passaro in 1718, during the Great Northern War, and in the West Indies (1726). There was a war against Spain in 1739 over the slave trade. In 1745 the navy transported troops and stores to Scotland to defeat the Jacobite Rising.

The War of Jenkins' Ear (1739–48) saw various naval operations in the Caribbean under different admiralsagainst Spanish trade and possessions, before the war subsequently merged into the wider War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748). This, in turn, brought a new round of naval operations against France. In 1745 the navy twice defeated the French off Finisterre but their convoys escaped. The Navy also defended against invasion by Charles Edward Stuart the "Young Pretender". By the end of the war, the Navy was fully engaged in the worldwide protection of British trade.

The Seven Years' War (1756–63) began somewhat inauspiciously for the Navy, with a French siege of Minorca and the failure to relieve it. Minorca was lost but subsequent operations went more successfully (due more to government support and better strategic thinking, rather than admirals "encouraged" by Byng's example), and the British fleet won several victories. The French tried to invade Britain in 1759 but their force was defeated at Quiberon Bay. Spain entered the war against Britain in 1762 but lost Havana and Manila, though the latter was given back in exchange for Florida. The Treaty of Paris that ended the war left Britain with colonial gains, but isolated strategically.

At the beginning of the American Revolutionary War (1775–83), the Royal Navy dealt with the fledgling Continental Navy handily, destroying or capturing many of its vessels. France soon took the American side, and in 1778 a French fleet sailed for America, where it attempted to land at Rhode Island and nearly engaged with the British fleet before a storm intervened Spain and the Dutch Republic entered the war in 1780. Action shifted to the Caribbean, where there were a number of battles with varying results. The most important operation came in 1781 when, in the Battle of the Chesapeake, the British failed to lift the French blockade of Lord Cornwallis, resulting in a British surrender in the Battle of Yorktown. Although combat was over in North America, it continued in the Caribbeanand India, where the British experienced both successes and failures. Though Minorca had been recaptured, it was returned to the Spanish.

Commander in chiefs

 * Queen Anne
 * King George I
 * King George II
 * King George III

Naval lords of Great Britain

 * Office of the Lord High Admiral of Great Britain
 * Office of the Vice-Admiral of Great Britain
 * Office of the Rear-Admiral of Great Britain

Board of Admiralty
The Board of Admiralty and the Lord's Commissioners executing the office of the Lord High Admiral


 * the Board of Admiralty
 * Office of the First Lord of the Admiralty, and member of the English government to 1706, member of the British government (1707-1801).
 * Office of the Clerk of the Admiralty
 * Office of the Clerk of the Journals appointed,(1638 – 1741).
 * Messenger of the Admiralty, appointed, 1687.
 * Housekeeper of the Admiralty appointed, (1687 – 1799)
 * Doorkeeper of the Admiralty, 1687.
 * Gardner of the Admiralty appointed (1687 – 1799)
 * Office of the Translator to the Admiralty, (1755 – 1869)

Civil Commissioner Naval Lords
 * First Secretary to the Admiralty (1652 – present)
 * Office of the Chief Clerk of the Admiralty, appointed, (1694 – 1870).
 * Deputy Secretary to the Admiralty, (1728 – 41), (1744 – 6), (1756 – 9), (1764 – 83).
 * Joint Secretary to the Admiralty, (1741 – 1742).
 * Office of the Second Secretary to the Admiralty, (1702 – 1766), (1759 – 1763),
 * Naval Lord Commissioners, (1700 – 1762)
 * First Naval Lord (1762 – 1904)
 * Office of the Chaplain General of the Fleet, (1701 – 1813).
 * Hydrographic Office, (1795 – 1831)
 * Office of the Hydrographer of the Navy

Judicial administration

 * Office of the Lord High Admiral
 * Advocate General to the office of the Lord High Admiral

Legal Advisors to the admiralty courts
 * Office of the Lord High Admiral
 * Office of the Counsel to the Admiralty, ( attached originally to the Navy Board) appointed 1673-1824
 * Office of Solicitor for the affairs of the Admiralty and Navy, appointed, (1692 – 1799).

High court of the admiralty

 * Office of the High Court of the Admiralty Court.
 * Office of the President and Judge of the High Court.
 * Office of the Judge Advocate of the Fleet
 * Office of the Deputy Judge Advocate of the Fleet
 * Office of the Proctor of the High Court
 * Office of the Marshall of the High Court
 * Office of the Droits of the High Court

Vice admiralty courts
Vice-Admiral of the Coast was responsible for the defence of one of the twenty maritime counties of England, the North and South of Wales, Scotland and Ireland As a Vice-Admiral, the post holder was the chief of naval administration for his district. His responsibilities included, deciding the outcome of the Prize court (captured by pirate ships), dealing with salvage claims for wrecks, acting as a judge in relation to maritime issues.

England
 * Vice-Admiral Cheshire
 * Vice-Admiral Cornwall
 * Vice-Admiral Cumberland
 * Vice-Admiral Devon
 * Vice-Admiral Dorset
 * Vice-Admiral Durham
 * Vice-Admiral Essex
 * Vice-Admiral Gloucestershire
 * Vice-Admiral Hampshire
 * Vice-Admiral Kent
 * Vice-Admiral Lancashire
 * Vice-Admiral Lincolnshire
 * Vice-Admiral Norfolk
 * Vice-Admiral Northumberland
 * Vice-Admiral Somerset
 * Vice-Admiral Suffolk
 * Vice-Admiral Sussex
 * Vice-Admiral Westmorland
 * Vice-Admiral Yorkshire

Ireland Scotland Wales
 * Vice-Admiral Ireland
 * Vice-Admiral Connaught
 * Vice-Admiral Leinster
 * Vice-Admiral Munster
 * Vice-Admiral Ulster
 * Vice-Admiral Scotland
 * Vice-Admiral Orkney and Shetland
 * Vice-Admiral Western Coast
 * Vice-Admiral North Wales
 * Vice-Admiral South Wales

Vice Admiralty Jurisdictions and prizes abroad By appointing Vice-Admirals in the colonies, and by constituting courts as Vice-Admiralty Courts, the terminology recognized that the existence and superiority of the “mother” court in the United Kingdom. Thus, the “vice” tag denoted that whilst it was a separate court, it was not equal to the “mother” court. In the case of the courts abroad, a right of appeal lay back to the British Admiralty Court, which further reinforced this superiority. In all respects, the court was an Imperial court rather than a local Colonial court.

North America West Indies
 * Vice-Admiral Carolina, (1694–1712)
 * Vice-Admiral Georgia, (1754–1777)
 * Vice-Admiral Maryland, (1697–1776)
 * Vice-Admiral Massachusetts, (1698–1776)
 * Vice-Admiral New Hampshire, (1699-1776)
 * Vice-Admiral New York, including, Connecticut and New Jersey, (1694-1776)
 * Vice-Admiral North Carolina, (1729–1776)
 * Vice-Admiral Pennsylvania, including Delaware, (1697-1776)
 * Vice-Admiral Rhode Island, (1704-1776)
 * Vice-Admiral South Carolina, (1712–1776)
 * Vice-Admiral Virginia, (1697-1776)
 * Vice-Admiral Barbados
 * Vice-Admiral Jamaica

Senior leadership
Naval High Command
 * Office of the Lord High Admiral (1600-1628)
 * Office of the Vice-Admiral of England
 * Office of the Rear-Admiral of England
 * Office of the First lord of the Admiralty, (1628-1964)
 * Office of the Naval Lord of the Admiralty.

Fleet commands
Flag officers of the fleet


 * Admiral of the Fleet Red
 * Vice-Admiral of the Red.
 * Rear-Admiral of the Red.
 * Admiral of the White.
 * Vice-Admiral of the White.
 * Rear-Admiral of the White
 * Admiral of the Blue.
 * Vice-Admiral of the Blue.
 * Rear Admiral of the Blue

Flag officers commanding fleets and stations
Fleets Home Commands Overseas Commands
 * Commander-in-Chief, Channel Fleet, (1690 – 1909).
 * Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet, (1690 – 1967).
 * Commander-in-Chief, Coast of Ireland Station, (1797 – 1922).
 * Commander-in-Chief, The Downs, (1777 – 1815)
 * Commander-in-Chief, The Nore, (1742 – 1961)
 * Admiral-Superintendent, Chatham, (1752 – 1955)
 * Captain Superintendent, Sheerness, (1799 – 1898).
 * Commander-in-Chief, North Sea, (1782 – 1815)
 * Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth, (1697 – 1969).
 * Admiral-Superintendent, Portsmouth, (1707 – 1712), (1832 – 1969)
 * Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth, (1743 – 1969).
 * Admiral-Superintendent, Plymouth, (1707 – 1712), (1832 – 1966)


 * Commander-in-Chief, Jamaica Station, (1655 – 1830).
 * Commander-in-Chief, Newfoundland Station, (1729 – 1825).
 * Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station, (1744 – 1941).
 * Commander-in-Chief North America Station, (1745 – 1818).
 * Commander-in-Chief, Leeward Islands Station, (1775 – 1853).
 * Commander-in-Chief, Cape of Good Hope Station, (1795 – 1939).

Fleet units
Squadrons
 * Red Squadron
 * White Squadron
 * Blue Squadron

Board of Ordnance
Board of Ordnance (1597-1855)
 * Office of the Board of Ordnance.
 * Office of the Master-General of the Ordnance, (1597-1855)
 * Office of the Lieutenant-General of the Ordnance, (1597-1855)
 * Office of the Treasurer of the Ordinance, (1597-1855)
 * Office of the Surveyor-General of the Ordnance, (1597-1888)
 * Office of the Clerk of the Ordnance, (1554-1853)
 * Office of the Storekeeper of the Ordnance, (1558-1845)
 * Office of the Clerk of Deliveries of the Ordnance, (1570-1812)

Ordnance yards and stores
Home Ordnance Yards
 * The Gun Wharf,Chatham Dockyard,
 * Gunwharf Portsmouth Dockyard,

Gunpowder Magazines Stores
 * Tower of London, London, (1461-1855)
 * Square Tower, Portsmouth, (1584-1855)

Navy board
Construction, design, maintenance, supplies

Navy Office
 * Office of the Navy Board
 * Office of the Comptroller of the Navy, (1597-1832)
 * Office of the Surveyor of the Navy, (1597-1832)
 * Naval Works Department, (1796 – ?)
 * Office of the Inspector General of the Navy, (1796 – ?)
 * Office of the Architect of the Navy, (1796 – ?)
 * Office of the Mechanist of the Navy, (1796 – ?)
 * Office of the Chemist of the Navy, (1796 – ?)
 * Office of the Inspector of Repairs, (1731 – 1799).
 * Offices the Master Shipwrights of Dockyards
 * Office of the Treasurer of the Navy, (1546-1597).
 * Navy Pay Office
 * Office of the Paymaster of the Navy
 * Accounts Branch
 * Allotment Branch
 * Bill and Remittance Branch
 * Navy Branch
 * Prize Branch
 * Ticket Branch
 * Stores Branch

Subsidiary boards

 * Office of the Navy Board
 * Office of the Comptroller of the Navy, (1597-1831)
 * Sick and Hurt Board, (established temporarily in times of war from 1653, placed on a permanent footing from 1715).
 * Royal Naval Hospitals.
 * Transport Board, (1690-1724, re-established 1794-1862).
 * Penal Transportation
 * Victualling Board, (1683-1832).
 * Office of the Chairman of the Board
 * Office of the Commisonners of the Board
 * Office of the Secretary for Cash and Stores Accounts.
 * Cash Department
 * Stores Department
 * Victualling Yard, Antigua
 * Office of the Commissioner Antigua
 * Victualling Yard Deptford.
 * Office of the Commissioner Deptford
 * Victualling Yard, Gibraltar
 * Office of the Commissioner Gibraltar
 * Victualling Yard, Harwich
 * Office of the Commissioner Harwich
 * Victualling Yard, Jamaica
 * Office of the Commissioner Jamaica
 * Victualling Yard, Portsmouth
 * Office of the Commissioner Portsmouth
 * Victualling Yard, Plymouth
 * Office of the Commissioner Plymouth

Shore facilities
Note: Dockyards during this period were managed by the commissioners of the Navy Board.

Home naval base and dockyards
 * Portsmouth Dockyard, (1496-present), still active.
 * Woolwich Dockyard, (1512-1869).
 * Deptford Dockyard, (1513-1869).
 * Erith Dockyard. (1514-1521), failed Yard: due to persistent flooding.
 * Chatham Dockyard, (1567-1983).
 * Sheerness Dockyard, (1665-1957).
 * Plymouth Dockyard, Plymouth, (1690-1824)

Oversea naval bases and dockyards


 * Jamaica Dockyard – Port Royal (1675-1905).
 * Gibraltar Dockyard, (1704-1982).
 * Port Mahon Dockyard, Minorca, (1708-1802)
 * Nelson's Dockyard, Antigua, (1725-1889).
 * Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, (1759-1905).
 * Navy Island Dockyard, Navy Island, Ontario, Canada, (1763-1822).
 * Kingston Dockyard, Canada, (1783-1853).
 * York Shipyards, Upper Canada, (1793-1813)
 * Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda, (1795-1951).

Marine department

 * Office of the Admirals Regiment, (1655 – 1755).
 * Office of the Marine Department, (1755 – 1809).
 * Office of the Adjutant General.
 * Office of the Paymaster of Marines, (1784 – 1831).

Marine forces

 * Office of the Adjutant General
 * Colonel Commandant Chatham Division
 * Colonel Commandant Portsmouth Division
 * Colonel Commandant Plymouth Division

Impress service
Note: Responsible for forced naval recruitment, the admiralty handled command and control of the impress service, whilst the navy board administered the service.
 * Office of the Impress Service
 * Admiral Commanding Impress Service.
 * Offices of the Captains Regulating the Impress Service Ports.

Sea fencible militias
Notes:The Sea Fencibles were a British naval militia, mostly volunteers, that was formed in 1793 to act as an anti-invasion force in coastal waters.


 * Director Sea Fencibles.
 * Offices of the Fencible Districts

Sea Fencible Districts, 1798 to 1801


 * Emsworth to Beachy Head
 * Beachy Head to Deal
 * Deal to Faversham
 * Leigh to Harwich
 * Harwich to Yarmouth
 * Isle of Wight
 * Coast of Hampshire
 * Coast of Dorset
 * Coast of Devon
 * Plymouth to Land's End
 * Saltfleet to Flamborough Head

other

 * Office of The Inspector of Telegraphs appointed, (1796 – 1831)