User:Nayana2603

ARTICLE ON GLOBAL CHALLENGES OF CORONAVIRUS == Nayana Shirbhate Assitant Professor and Head Department of Botany Vidya Vikas Arts, Commerce and Science College, Samudrapur, Dist. Wardha Email: nayana2603@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION
Corona viruses were identified in the mid-1960s and are known to infect humans and a variety of animals (including birds and mammals). Since 2002, two coronaviruses infecting animals have evolved and caused outbreaks in humans: SARS-CoV (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) identified in southern China in 2003, and MERS-CoV (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome), identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012. Together, they have caused more than 1600 deaths. At the end of 2019, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, China, and caused the outbreak of 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Novel Coronavirus diseases or COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 is probably the biggest threat for mankind today. Most of the countries, as many as 225 countries, have become victims of this pandemic viral infection (WHO, 2020). Since the beginning of the epidemic nearly 2 million cases have been detected worldwide and numbers are rapidly increasing upto 30 May 2020 more than 3,62,813 deaths have been recorded alongside 59.40 Lak individuals are infected with COVID-19 throughout the globe (WHO, 2020). In India 1,63,973 cases and 4,732 deaths have been recorded. The first evidence on the recent outbreak of COVID-19 has been diagnosed for causing pneumonia amongst the infected individuals from Wuhan, China at the end of 2019. COVID-19 is considered as a β Coronavirus of 2B group and phylogenetic studies revealed that COVID-19 belongs to the family Coronaviridae and order Nidovirales they contain a single genome of 30Kbp, and consist of four groups: Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gamma Coronavirus and Deltacoronavirus (Park et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2016). The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, named COVID-19, is considered a self-limiting infectious disease with five different possible outcomes: asymptomatic cases (1.2%), mild cases (80.9 %), severe cases (13.8%), critical cases (4.7%) and deaths (2.3%) (Jin et al., 2020; Zhonghua etal., 2020). However, some authors reported a higher percentage of asymptomatic infections in children under the age of 10 (15.8%). Because of the lack of specific antiviral drugs or vaccines, several thousands of serious cases and deaths occur every day all over the world, and strict quarantine measures have been imposed either nationally or internationally. Since the antibody response of the serum, after a natural CoV infection remains detectable for a long time, medical authorities in many countries are trying to calculate the percentage of the population that may be protected against the new circulating strain through the assessment of anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and M (IgM) levels in serum samples. SARSCoV- 2 affects multiple levels of the aero digestive tract. Viral loads in the lower respiratory tract samples (sputum) appear to be significantly higher compared to those from nasal or throat swabs (Yu et al., 2020). Although the exact route of transmission is not well defined, SARS-CoV-2 is thought to be spread via a combination of contact, droplet, and airborne routes (Bahl et al., 2020). The virus transmitted from human-to-human via sneeze, cough, and respiratory droplets (Chakraborty et al., 2020). The main respiratory symptom was dry cough (73.4%). Clinical assessment fever, coughing, sore throat, asthenia, dyspnoea, headache, myalgia or arthralgia, chills, diarrhea, nausea or vomiting, nasal congestion, hyposmia/anosmia of recent onset routine laboratory testing Complete blood count, C-reactive protein, reverse transcriptase–PCR for SARS-CoV-2, specific IgM and IgG. Chest imaging X-ray (routinely), chest CT (selectively) have recovered from symptomatic COVID-19 with negative reverse transcriptase–PCR tests (2 negative results separated by 48 h may be ideal) or after specific immunity testing (IgM-negative and IgG-positive for SARS-CoV-2) (Zhu et al., 2020). SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody in recovering mild, general and severe status patients, various researchers identified that there were more female patients generating a high level of IgG antibody relative to male patients in severe status. In addition, the production of IgG antibodies tended to be stronger in female patients in the early phase of COVID-19. The higher antibody concentration in female cases may play an important role in preventing patients from progressing to a severe status and even death. Recent study suggests that the discrepancies of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody generated in male and female patients may be a potential cause resulting in the different outcome of COVID-19 between sex (Zeng et al., 2020). The retrospective study identified risk factors for death in hospitalized older patients with COVID-19. Older age and lower LYM count were independent risk factors for death among older patients. In addition, higher WBC count may also be related to poorer prognosis. Older patients with COVID-19 have been reported to exhibit relatively higher mortality and severity of illness than younger patients (Ruan et al., 2020; Wang et al.,2020). Researcher found the following discharge criteria for COVID-19: the blood oxygen saturation of the patient should have returned to normal levels without a need for oxygen support, a normal body temperature for more than three days, negative PCR tests on two consecutive occasions with a sampling interval of at least a day, and a chest CT (Computed Tomography) showing that the lesion is essentially absorbed, or only a few fibrous stripes can be observed (NHC, 2019). Some researchers recommended that the body temperature should be at normal levels for more than a week before discharge (Zhou et al., 2020 A). The assessments before discharge were the following: CT lesions, which were mainly ground-glass opacities (GGOs), should have decreased in size and consolidations, if present, should have decreased in density. The viral load in stool and urine should be tested using real-time RT-PCR (real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, rRT-PCR) if possible (Pan and Guan, 2020; Shi etal., 2020; Cheng et al., 2020; Zhou et al., 2020 B ). We found the following clinical feature descriptions for discharge: leukocytes and lymphocytes were increased in routine blood analysis, indicating recovery and restoration of immune function, the ear temperature was below 37.5℃, blood oxygen saturation was higher than 93% without supplementary oxygen, and the general health was discussed and evaluated by a multidisciplinary team of experts in hospital (Gong et al., 2020; Xu et al., 2020).

Mental Health
During the initial phase of the COVID-19 outbreak in China, 53.8% of respondents rated the psychological impact of the outbreak as moderate or severe; 16.5% reported moderate to severe depressive symptoms; 28.8% reported moderate to severe anxiety symptoms; and 8.1% reported moderate to severe stress levels ( Wang et al., 2020). Identically, most SARS survivors had favorable physical recovery from their illness, but some patients and their caregivers reported a significant reduction in mental health (Tansey et al., 2007). A very interesting report, for the first time, provided direct evidence that the ongoing pandemic etiological agent, SARS-CoV-2, may be able to directly infect the central nervous system (CNS) through an endothelial route. If proven true, this may explain frequent neurological symptoms associated with severe COVID-19 diseases. A corresponding therapeutic intervention will be urgently needed to prevent such dangerous infections of CNS and associated high mortality rate (Paniz-Mondolfi et al., 2020).

Possible Solutions to prevent Coronavirus Pandemic

 * Keep away from someone with a heavy cough, always covered with a mouth.
 * Use a tissue to cover the nose, mouth when coughing, sneezing, wiping and blowing the nose.
 * Wash hands with hot water at least 5-6 times a day or use of alcohol based sanitizer.
 * Stay home stay safe.
 * Yoga practices to ease coronavirus fears: breathing and meditation techniques that calm your emotional state.
 * Beyond flexibility, balance and strength, yoga can help quieten mental chatter and deepen spiritual awareness.
 * A yoga expert explains techniques in breath manipulation and balancing of the nervous system that help to quell fears and anxieties.
 * It can be difficult to not feel anxiety and sometimes panic over the corona virus outbreak, with the onslaught of updates on news and social media. But if we pause for just a moment, we can discover ways to quieten the din and live at peace. Yoga offers another path, a fresh perspective with which to deal with events that are beyond our control.
 * Yoga and meditation techniques that encourage breath manipulation and help to balance the nervous system can help us overcome fears and anxieties, whether they relate to the current coronavirus outbreak or indeed any challenging situation. Keep calm and breathe on.