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Salmonella Life cycle on plants Salmonella Life cycle of animals

Salmonella Life Cycle of Animals and Plants
Secret Survival genes of Salmonella on different hosts. Salmonella have numerous strains and it is unique characteristics allows for both plants and animals to host it. Salmonella has the ability to survive the harsh conditions of the gastric track of animals and humans before entering the intestinal track, colonising and infecting the internal organs. Salmonella has evolved mechanisms to interact with hosts cells and induce its own internalization. Salmonella has the capacity to pass through number of barriers requiring invasion of a large variety of phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells.

Salmonella bacteria are shed in feces of infected people and animal. Animals directly contaminate the plants and water through feces. Thus, plants are an alternative host for Salmonella pathogens, and have a role in its transmission back to animals. The degree of adaptation to hosts and its pathogenicity depends on Salmonella serotypes. Salmonella enterica are the most common bacteria that causes human illness. Most of the time this disease is associated with consumption of contaminated water, food, such as poultry, meat, eggs and shellfish.

Salmonella entarica also exists on plant roots, leaf surfaces and inside plant tissues affecting the interior of the plants. Salmonella enterica has the ability to colonise within the plants itself. It is able to to colonise fresh produce endophytically and epiphytically and interact at a molecular level with the host plant through its special bacterial gene. Salmonella genes and hosts highly depend on its different microbial factors that influences the endophites colonisation associated with fresh produce such as lettuce leaves. Studies has confirmed the long-term survival of enteric pathogens on seeds. According to the research the pathogens maintain their ability to resuscitate and proliferate on the seedlings. Contamination seeds are the source for the cultivation of leafy vegetables.

Salmonella motility and biofilm formation are enhanced by the salad (leaves) juice exposure. Due to its high water content, it is highly perishable and are subject to rapid spoilage caused by the microbes that are easily colonised. Salmonella enterica are very capable of replicating within leafy green vegetables/plants surfaces and tissues the plants. The contamination starts from infected animal or insect contacts, contaminated soil, irrigation, manure, fertiliser, poor handling and hygiene and equipments.

Due to its pH of 4.5 to 8 and anaerobic characteristic, it is able to survive long term through harsh conditions.It has the capacity to survive low pH and high temperatures outside its hosts organisms as well.