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Climate change and agriculture: Evaluation

This article has headings and subheadings; however, the information does not always reflect the headings. I think this article could be improved by reevaluating included information in each of the headings and subheadings. However, the provided index is useful for finding specific information regarding the topic. Word choice and sentence structure could be improved within the headings/subheadings to make the text clearer. Many grammar mistakes, and unclear sentences exist within the body of the text, including whole lines which lack any sense what so ever.

This article aims to comprehensively cover climate change and its effect on agriculture, but a lot of the focus seems to be on the economic effects, and food security rather than on how global warming effects crop plant species. I believe more content that focuses on aspects of climate change on crop plant development is needed. I.E a paragraph dedicated solely to crop response to water stress which is talked about throughout the article but non-comprehensively and in no order, an article on how changing temperatures can effect plant development, or how temperature effects development and can change the patterns of growth/ reproduction cycles, editions to the preexisting header on how elevated CO2 effects crop plants, which is poorly worded and contains non-cited claims.

Much of the information cited in this article is outdated and written when less was known about global climate change, and its influence on the world. Improper citations occur throughout the text where information is attributed to a source which does not include that information. Information is included that lacks citation of any kind, many non-scientific sources are referenced such as articles of newspapers, and online journals, such as the guardian and the Ny times. A lot of the information includes future projections of agricultural response to climate change, this information is not factual, and many include phrases such as there is a 2/10 chance of this occurring, which lacks statistical significance. Examples of original research/ conclusions exist throughout the text, where people will take cited information and make non-supported conclusions from the information. I did not check every single citation, but I noticed some links to sources were broken, or missing. This article can improve by getting rid of original research or assumptions drawn from the literature, replacing poor/ outdated citations with information from better more recent studies. Finding sources for uncited information or removing unbacked claims and fixing broken links to sources.

This article could further improve by editing the introductory paragraph. It does not flow well or do a good job at summarizing the articles key points. It includes assumptions such as climate change will probably increase the risk of food security, and a range of policies can reduce risks associated to climate change, has policy been implemented that is proven to help with these effects? If so include more specific information, or perhaps a subheading on current or proposed policies being implemented to help mediate the effects of global climate change.

Figures seem to be supplemental and put in the proper places, however I am afraid that many of the figures in the text may be copyrighted or violate Wikipedias terms regarding cited photos. However, some of the figures are original works and done well.

This article strays from the neutral tone in a few instances despite being mainly neutral. It includes proposed solutions to climate change, includes certain opinionated statements throughout I.E the effect of climate change on poor regional farmers is unjust.

Facts are not fully emphasized, and the article includes many what ifs. Many examples of scientists believe this may occur, and if it occurs this may happen. Rather than provable scientific facts. There is an emphasis on facts in many paragraphs within the body however certain text lacks factual evidence. ~

Climate Change Induced Drought Stress on Plant Development.

Increase in global temperatures will cause an increase in evaporation rates and annual evaporation levels. Increased evaporation will lead to an increase in storms in some areas, while leading to accelerated drying of other areas. These storm impacted areas will likely experience increased levels of precipitation and increased flood risks, while areas outside of the storm track will experience less precipitation and increased risk of droughts. Water stress effects plant development and quality in a variety of ways first off drought can cause poor germination and impaired seedling development in plants. Simultaneously plant growth relies on cellular division, cell enlargement, and differentiation. Drought stress impairs mitosis and cell elongation via loss of turgor pressure which results in poor growth. Development of leaves is also dependent upon turgor pressure, concentration of nutrients, and carbon assimilates all of which are reduced by drought conditions, thus drought stress lead to a decrease in leaf size and number. Plant height, biomass, leaf size and stem girth has been shown to decrease in Maize under water limiting conditions. Crop yield is also negatively effected by drought stress. The reduction in crop yield results from a decrease in photosynthetic rate, changes in leaf development, and altered allocation of resources all due to drought stress. Crop plants exposed to drought stress suffer from reductions in leaf water potential and transpiration rate, however water-use efficiency has been shown to increase in some crop plants such as wheat while causing a decrease in others such as potatoes. Plants need water for the uptake of nutrients from the soil, and for the transport of nutrients throughout the plant, drought conditions limit these functions leading to stunted growth. Drought stress also causes a decrease in photosynthetic activity in plants due to the reduction of photosynthetic tissues, stomatal closure, and reduced performance of photosynthetic machinery. This reduction in photosynthetic activity contributes to the reduction in plant growth and yields. Another factor influencing reduced plant growth and yields include the allocation of resources; following drought stress plants will allocate more resources to roots to aid in water uptake increasing root growth and reducing the growth of other plant parts while decreasing yields. ~ The subheading that covers how elevated co2 effects crops had plagarism lacked good citations was worded poorly and could be more informative so I am rewriting it.

Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide effects plants in a variety of ways. Elevated CO2 increases crop yields and growth through an increase in photosynthetic rate, it also decreases water loss as a result of stomatal closing The growth response is greatest in C3 plants, C4 plants are also enhanced but to a lesser extent, and CAM plants are the least enhanced species. ~

Carbon dioxide is essential to plant growth. Rising CO2 concentration in the atmosphere can have both positive and negative consequences.

Increased CO2 is expected to have positive physiological effects by increasing the rate of photosynthesis. This is known as 'carbon dioxide fertilisation'. Currently, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is 410 parts per million. In comparison, the amount of oxygen is 210,000 ppm. This means that often plants may be starved of carbon dioxide as the enzyme that fixes CO2, RuBisCo, also fixes oxygen in the process of photorespiration. The effects of an increase in carbon dioxide would be higher on C3 crops (such as wheat) than on C4 crops (such as maize), because the former is more susceptible to carbon dioxide shortage. Studies have shown that increased CO2 leads to fewer stomata developing on plants which leads to reduced water usage. Under optimum conditions of temperature and humidity, the yield increase could reach 36%, if the levels of carbon dioxide are doubled.[citation needed] A study in 2014 posited that CO2 fertilisation is underestimated due to not explicitly representing CO2 diffusion inside leaves.

Further, few studies have looked at the impact of elevated carbon dioxide concentrations on whole farming systems. Most models study the relationship between CO2 and productivity in isolation from other factors associated with climate change, such as an increased frequency of extreme weather events, seasonal shifts, and so on.

In 2005, the Royal Society in London concluded that the purported benefits of elevated carbon dioxide concentrations are "likely to be far lower than previously estimated when factors such as increasing ground-level ozone are taken into account."

Myers et al. 2014, reported based on a meta study, that elevated CO2 levels reduced the nutrient concentrations (zinc, iron, and less so protein) of plants, with C3 grasses and legumes specifically affected and C4 plants not so much.